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The Bit-Flipping (BF) decoder, thanks to its very low computational complexity, is widely employed in post-quantum cryptographic schemes based on Moderate Density Parity Check codes in which, ultimately, decryption boils down to syndrome…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Alessio Baldelli , Marco Baldi , Franco Chiaraluce , Paolo Santini

Iterative bit flipping decoders are an efficient and effective decoder choice for decoding codes which admit a sparse parity-check matrix. Among these, sparse $(v,w)$-regular codes, which include LDPC and MDPC codes are of particular…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Alessandro Annechini , Alessandro Barenghi , Gerardo Pelosi

Characterizing the decoding failure rate of iteratively decoded Low- and Moderate-Density Parity Check (LDPC/MDPC) codes is paramount to build cryptosystems based on them, able to achieve indistinguishability under adaptive chosen…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-12-12 Paolo Santini , Alessandro Barenghi , Gerardo Pelosi , Marco Baldi , Franco Chiaraluce

In this paper, we propose a new class of bit flipping algorithms for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the binary symmetric channel (BSC). Compared to the regular (parallel or serial) bit flipping algorithms, the proposed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Dung Viet Nguyen , Bane Vasic , Michael W. Marcellin

The medium-density parity-check (MDPC) code-based Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation (BIKE) mechanism remains a candidate of post-quantum cryptography standardization. The latest version utilizes a new bit-flipping (BF) decoding algorithm,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Jiaxuan Cai , Xinmiao Zhang

A class of two-bit bit flipping algorithms for decoding low-density parity-check codes over the binary symmetric channel was proposed in [1]. Initial results showed that decoders which employ a group of these algorithms operating in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-05-22 Dung Viet Nguyen , Bane Vasic , Michael W. Marcellin

A method for estimating the performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes decoded by hard-decision iterative decoding algorithms on binary symmetric channels (BSC) is proposed. Based on the enumeration of the smallest weight error…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Hua Xiao , Amir H. Banihashemi

Iterative decoders used for decoding low-density parity-check (LDPC) and moderate-density parity-check (MDPC) codes are not characterized by a deterministic decoding radius and their error rate performance is usually assessed through…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-02-27 Paolo Santini , Massimo Battaglioni , Marco Baldi , Franco Chiaraluce

Quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) codes have been proven to achieve higher minimum distances at higher code rates than surface codes. However, this family of codes imposes stringent latency requirements and poor performance under…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Dimitris Chytas , Nithin Raveendran , Bane Vasić

Bit-Flipping (BF) decoders are a family of decoders widely employed in post-quantum cryptographic schemes based on Quasi-Cyclic Moderate-Density Parity-Check (QC-MDPC) codes, such as BIKE. BF decoders suffer from trapping sets,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alessio Baldelli , Marco Baldi , Davide De Zuane , Paolo Santini

The evolution of quantum computers poses a serious threat to contemporary public-key encryption (PKE) schemes. To address this impending issue, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is currently undertaking the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-15 Mohammad Reza Nosouhi , Syed W. Shah , Lei Pan , Yevhen Zolotavkin , Ashish Nanda , Praveen Gauravaram , Robin Doss

Bit-flipping (BF) decoding of low-density parity-check codes is of low complexity but gives inferior performance in general. To improve performance and provide new BF decoder options for complexity-performance tradeoffs, we propose new…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-09-01 Tofar C. -Y. Chang , Yu T. Su

Bit Flipping Key Encapsulation (BIKE) is a code-based cryptosystem that was considered in Round 4 of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization process. It is based on quasi-cyclic moderate-density parity-check (QC-MDPC) codes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Gretchen L Matthews , Emily McMillon

In successive cancellation (SC) polar decoding, an incorrect estimate of any prior unfrozen bit may bring about severe error propagation in the following decoding, thus it is desirable to find out and correct an error as early as possible.…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-12-12 Zhaoyang Zhang , Kangjian Qin , Liang Zhang , Huazi Zhang , Guo Tai Chen

We introduce new reliability definitions for bit and check nodes. Maximizing global reliability, which is the sum reliability of all bit nodes, is shown to be equivalent to minimizing a decoding metric which is closely related to the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-01-15 Chi-Yuan Chang , Yu T. Su , Yu-Liang Chen , Yin-Chen Liu

Non-binary low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes have some advantages over their binary counterparts, but unfortunately their decoding complexity is a significant challenge. The iterative hard- and soft-reliability based majority-logic…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-22 Chenrong Xiong , Zhiyuan Yan

The interest in polar codes has been increasing significantly since their adoption for use in the 5$^{\rm th}$ generation wireless systems standard. Successive cancellation (SC) decoding algorithm has low implementation complexity, but…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-28 Furkan Ercan , Carlo Condo , Warren J. Gross

Topological quantum codes, such as toric and surface codes, are excellent candidates for hardware implementation due to their robustness against errors and their local interactions between qubits. However, decoding these codes efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-16 Michele Pacenti , Mark F. Flanagan , Dimitris Chytas , Bane Vasic

Due to the speed limitation of the conventional bit-chosen strategy in the existing weighted bit flipping algorithms, a high-speed LDPC decoder cannot be realized. To solve this problem, we propose a fast weighted bit flipping (FWBF)…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-06-18 Kexiang Ma , Yongzhao Li , Caizhi Zhu , Hailin Zhang , Feng Qi

Recently, we introduced a new class of finite alphabet iterative decoders (FAIDs) for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. These decoders are capable of surpassing belief propagation in the error floor region on the Binary Symmetric…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-17 David Declercq , Bane Vasic , Shiva Kumar Planjery , Erbao Li
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