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The rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has heightened concerns about the misuse of AI-generated text, making watermarking a promising solution. Mainstream watermarking schemes for LLMs fall into two categories: logits-based and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Yidan Wang , Yubing Ren , Yanan Cao , Binxing Fang

Watermarking is a commonly used strategy to protect creators' rights to digital images, videos and audio. Recently, watermarking methods have been extended to deep learning models -- in principle, the watermark should be preserved when an…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into academic workflows, with many conferences and journals permitting their use for tasks such as language refinement and literature summarization. However, their use in peer review…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 Alexander Nemecek , Yuzhou Jiang , Erman Ayday

Large Language Model-based Time Series Forecasting (LLMTS) has shown remarkable promise in handling complex and diverse temporal data, representing a significant step toward foundation models for time series analysis. However, this emerging…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Wei Yuan , Chaoqun Yang , Yu Xing , Tong Chen , Nguyen Quoc Viet Hung , Hongzhi Yin

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have highlighted the risk of misusing them, raising the need for accurate detection of LLM-generated content. In response, a viable solution is to inject imperceptible identifiers into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Minjia Mao , Dongjun Wei , Zeyu Chen , Xiao Fang , Michael Chau

The proliferation of large language models (LLMs) in generating content raises concerns about text copyright. Watermarking methods, particularly logit-based approaches, embed imperceptible identifiers into text to address these challenges.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yiyang Luo , Ke Lin , Chao Gu , Jiahui Hou , Lijie Wen , Ping Luo

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) necessitates efficient mechanisms to distinguish machine-generated content from human text. While statistical watermarking has emerged as a promising solution, existing methods suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Baihe Huang , Eric Xu , Kannan Ramchandran , Jiantao Jiao , Michael I. Jordan

Language models now routinely produce text that is difficult to distinguish from human writing, raising the need for robust tools to verify content provenance. Watermarking has emerged as a promising countermeasure, with existing work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Huijia Lin , Kameron Shahabi , Min Jae Song

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Recent advancements in watermarking techniques have enabled the embedding of secret messages into AI-generated text (AIGT), serving as an important mechanism for AIGT detection. Existing methods typically interfere with the generation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Peiru Yang , Xintian Li , Wanchun Ni , Jinhua Yin , Huili Wang , Guoshun Nan , Shangguang Wang , Yongfeng Huang , Tao Qi

Watermarking the outputs of large language models (LLMs) is critical for provenance tracing, content regulation, and model accountability. Existing approaches often rely on access to model internals or are constrained by static rules and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Agnibh Dasgupta , Abdullah Tanvir , Xin Zhong

Watermarking technology is a method used to trace the usage of content generated by large language models. Sentence-level watermarking aids in preserving the semantic integrity within individual sentences while maintaining greater…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Junyan Zhang , Shuliang Liu , Aiwei Liu , Yubo Gao , Jungang Li , Xiaojie Gu , Xuming Hu

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for text generation, watermarking has become essential for authorship attribution, intellectual property protection, and misuse detection. While existing watermarking methods perform…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Amit Bin Tariqul , A N M Zahid Hossain Milkan , Sahab-Al-Chowdhury , Syed Rifat Raiyan , Hasan Mahmud , Md Kamrul Hasan

Large language models (LLMs) raise concerns about content authenticity and integrity because they can generate human-like text at scale. Text watermarks, which embed detectable statistical signals into generated text, offer a provable way…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Weiqing He , Xiang Li , Tianqi Shang , Li Shen , Weijie Su , Qi Long

Watermarking has recently emerged as an effective strategy for detecting the outputs of large language models (LLMs). Most existing schemes require white-box access to the model's next-token probability distribution, which is typically not…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Dara Bahri , John Wieting

Generative images have proliferated on Web platforms in social media and online copyright distribution scenarios, and semantic watermarking has increasingly been integrated into diffusion models to support reliable provenance tracking and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Zheng Gao , Xiaoyu Li , Zhicheng Bao , Xiaoyan Feng , Jiaojiao Jiang

Securing digital text is becoming increasingly relevant due to the widespread use of large language models. Individuals' fear of losing control over data when it is being used to train such machine learning models or when distinguishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Malte Hellmeier

The recent surge in high-quality open-source Generative AI text models (colloquially: LLMs), as well as efficient finetuning techniques, have opened the possibility of creating high-quality personalized models that generate text attuned to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Eugenia Iofinova , Andrej Jovanovic , Dan Alistarh

The advent of video-based Large Language Models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced video understanding. However, it has also raised some safety concerns regarding data protection, as videos can be more easily annotated, even without…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Jinmin Li , Kuofeng Gao , Yang Bai , Jingyun Zhang , Shu-Tao Xia

We propose a methodology for planting watermarks in text from an autoregressive language model that are robust to perturbations without changing the distribution over text up to a certain maximum generation budget. We generate watermarked…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Rohith Kuditipudi , John Thickstun , Tatsunori Hashimoto , Percy Liang