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We introduce Xmodel-1.5, a 1-billion-parameter multilingual large language model pretrained on 2 trillion tokens, designed for balanced performance and scalability. Unlike most large models that use the BPE tokenizer, Xmodel-1.5 employs a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Wang Qun , Liu Yang , Lin Qingquan , Jiang Ling

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities in understanding and generating human language, contributing to more natural interactions with complex systems. However, they face challenges such as ambiguity in user…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-17 Ana Davila , Jacinto Colan , Yasuhisa Hasegawa

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various natural language tasks, marking significant strides towards general artificial intelligence. While general artificial intelligence is leveraged by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Yizhe Yang , Huashan Sun , Jiawei Li , Runheng Liu , Yinghao Li , Yuhang Liu , Heyan Huang , Yang Gao

The widespread adoption of cloud-based proprietary large language models (LLMs) has introduced significant challenges, including operational dependencies, privacy concerns, and the necessity of continuous internet connectivity. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Chansung Park , Juyong Jiang , Fan Wang , Sayak Paul , Jing Tang

We present Apertus, a fully open suite of large language models (LLMs) designed to address two systemic shortcomings in today's open model ecosystem: data compliance and multilingual representation. Unlike many prior models that release…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Project Apertus , Alejandro Hernández-Cano , Alexander Hägele , Allen Hao Huang , Angelika Romanou , Antoni-Joan Solergibert , Barna Pasztor , Bettina Messmer , Dhia Garbaya , Eduard Frank Ďurech , Ido Hakimi , Juan García Giraldo , Mete Ismayilzada , Negar Foroutan , Skander Moalla , Tiancheng Chen , Vinko Sabolčec , Yixuan Xu , Michael Aerni , Badr AlKhamissi , Inés Altemir Mariñas , Mohammad Hossein Amani , Matin Ansaripour , Ilia Badanin , Harold Benoit , Emanuela Boros , Nicholas Browning , Fabian Bösch , Maximilian Böther , Niklas Canova , Camille Challier , Clement Charmillot , Jonathan Coles , Jan Deriu , Arnout Devos , Lukas Drescher , Daniil Dzenhaliou , Maud Ehrmann , Dongyang Fan , Simin Fan , Silin Gao , Miguel Gila , María Grandury , Diba Hashemi , Alexander Hoyle , Jiaming Jiang , Mark Klein , Andrei Kucharavy , Anastasiia Kucherenko , Frederike Lübeck , Roman Machacek , Theofilos Manitaras , Andreas Marfurt , Kyle Matoba , Simon Matrenok , Henrique Mendonça , Fawzi Roberto Mohamed , Syrielle Montariol , Luca Mouchel , Sven Najem-Meyer , Jingwei Ni , Gennaro Oliva , Matteo Pagliardini , Elia Palme , Andrei Panferov , Léo Paoletti , Marco Passerini , Ivan Pavlov , Auguste Poiroux , Kaustubh Ponkshe , Nathan Ranchin , Javi Rando , Mathieu Sauser , Jakhongir Saydaliev , Muhammad Ali Sayfiddinov , Marian Schneider , Stefano Schuppli , Marco Scialanga , Andrei Semenov , Kumar Shridhar , Raghav Singhal , Anna Sotnikova , Alexander Sternfeld , Ayush Kumar Tarun , Paul Teiletche , Jannis Vamvas , Xiaozhe Yao , Hao Zhao , Alexander Ilic , Ana Klimovic , Andreas Krause , Caglar Gulcehre , David Rosenthal , Elliott Ash , Florian Tramèr , Joost VandeVondele , Livio Veraldi , Martin Rajman , Thomas Schulthess , Torsten Hoefler , Antoine Bosselut , Martin Jaggi , Imanol Schlag

Configuration tuning is critical for database performance. Although recent advancements in database tuning have shown promising results in throughput and latency improvement, challenges remain. First, the vast knob space makes direct…

Databases · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Xinyue Yang , Chen Zheng , Yaoyang Hou , Renhao Zhang , Yinyan Zhang , Yanjun Wu , Heng Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated strong capabilities in generating machine learning (ML) code, enabling end-to-end pipeline construction from natural language instructions. However, existing benchmarks for ML code…

Knowledge distillation offers a transformative pathway to developing powerful, yet efficient, small language models (SLMs) suitable for resource-constrained environments. In this paper, we benchmark the performance and computational cost of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Sachin Gopal Wani , Eric Page , Ajay Dholakia , David Ellison

In this work, we introduce Gemma 2, a new addition to the Gemma family of lightweight, state-of-the-art open models, ranging in scale from 2 billion to 27 billion parameters. In this new version, we apply several known technical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Gemma Team , Morgane Riviere , Shreya Pathak , Pier Giuseppe Sessa , Cassidy Hardin , Surya Bhupatiraju , Léonard Hussenot , Thomas Mesnard , Bobak Shahriari , Alexandre Ramé , Johan Ferret , Peter Liu , Pouya Tafti , Abe Friesen , Michelle Casbon , Sabela Ramos , Ravin Kumar , Charline Le Lan , Sammy Jerome , Anton Tsitsulin , Nino Vieillard , Piotr Stanczyk , Sertan Girgin , Nikola Momchev , Matt Hoffman , Shantanu Thakoor , Jean-Bastien Grill , Behnam Neyshabur , Olivier Bachem , Alanna Walton , Aliaksei Severyn , Alicia Parrish , Aliya Ahmad , Allen Hutchison , Alvin Abdagic , Amanda Carl , Amy Shen , Andy Brock , Andy Coenen , Anthony Laforge , Antonia Paterson , Ben Bastian , Bilal Piot , Bo Wu , Brandon Royal , Charlie Chen , Chintu Kumar , Chris Perry , Chris Welty , Christopher A. Choquette-Choo , Danila Sinopalnikov , David Weinberger , Dimple Vijaykumar , Dominika Rogozińska , Dustin Herbison , Elisa Bandy , Emma Wang , Eric Noland , Erica Moreira , Evan Senter , Evgenii Eltyshev , Francesco Visin , Gabriel Rasskin , Gary Wei , Glenn Cameron , Gus Martins , Hadi Hashemi , Hanna Klimczak-Plucińska , Harleen Batra , Harsh Dhand , Ivan Nardini , Jacinda Mein , Jack Zhou , James Svensson , Jeff Stanway , Jetha Chan , Jin Peng Zhou , Joana Carrasqueira , Joana Iljazi , Jocelyn Becker , Joe Fernandez , Joost van Amersfoort , Josh Gordon , Josh Lipschultz , Josh Newlan , Ju-yeong Ji , Kareem Mohamed , Kartikeya Badola , Kat Black , Katie Millican , Keelin McDonell , Kelvin Nguyen , Kiranbir Sodhia , Kish Greene , Lars Lowe Sjoesund , Lauren Usui , Laurent Sifre , Lena Heuermann , Leticia Lago , Lilly McNealus , Livio Baldini Soares , Logan Kilpatrick , Lucas Dixon , Luciano Martins , Machel Reid , Manvinder Singh , Mark Iverson , Martin Görner , Mat Velloso , Mateo Wirth , Matt Davidow , Matt Miller , Matthew Rahtz , Matthew Watson , Meg Risdal , Mehran Kazemi , Michael Moynihan , Ming Zhang , Minsuk Kahng , Minwoo Park , Mofi Rahman , Mohit Khatwani , Natalie Dao , Nenshad Bardoliwalla , Nesh Devanathan , Neta Dumai , Nilay Chauhan , Oscar Wahltinez , Pankil Botarda , Parker Barnes , Paul Barham , Paul Michel , Pengchong Jin , Petko Georgiev , Phil Culliton , Pradeep Kuppala , Ramona Comanescu , Ramona Merhej , Reena Jana , Reza Ardeshir Rokni , Rishabh Agarwal , Ryan Mullins , Samaneh Saadat , Sara Mc Carthy , Sarah Cogan , Sarah Perrin , Sébastien M. R. Arnold , Sebastian Krause , Shengyang Dai , Shruti Garg , Shruti Sheth , Sue Ronstrom , Susan Chan , Timothy Jordan , Ting Yu , Tom Eccles , Tom Hennigan , Tomas Kocisky , Tulsee Doshi , Vihan Jain , Vikas Yadav , Vilobh Meshram , Vishal Dharmadhikari , Warren Barkley , Wei Wei , Wenming Ye , Woohyun Han , Woosuk Kwon , Xiang Xu , Zhe Shen , Zhitao Gong , Zichuan Wei , Victor Cotruta , Phoebe Kirk , Anand Rao , Minh Giang , Ludovic Peran , Tris Warkentin , Eli Collins , Joelle Barral , Zoubin Ghahramani , Raia Hadsell , D. Sculley , Jeanine Banks , Anca Dragan , Slav Petrov , Oriol Vinyals , Jeff Dean , Demis Hassabis , Koray Kavukcuoglu , Clement Farabet , Elena Buchatskaya , Sebastian Borgeaud , Noah Fiedel , Armand Joulin , Kathleen Kenealy , Robert Dadashi , Alek Andreev

Developing a high-performing large language models (LLMs) for low-resource languages such as Urdu, present several challenges. These challenges include the scarcity of high-quality datasets, multilingual inconsistencies, and safety…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Muhammad Ali Shafique , Kanwal Mehreen , Muhammad Arham , Maaz Amjad , Sabur Butt , Hamza Farooq

Building open-domain chatbots is a challenging area for machine learning research. While prior work has shown that scaling neural models in the number of parameters and the size of the data they are trained on gives improved results, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Stephen Roller , Emily Dinan , Naman Goyal , Da Ju , Mary Williamson , Yinhan Liu , Jing Xu , Myle Ott , Kurt Shuster , Eric M. Smith , Y-Lan Boureau , Jason Weston

Applications built on top of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 represent a revolution in AI due to their human-level capabilities in natural language processing. However, they also pose many significant risks such as the presence…

In the rapidly evolving field of artificial intelligence, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant capabilities across numerous applications. However, the performance of these models in languages with fewer resources, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Birger Moell

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant attention in the field of natural language processing (NLP) due to their wide range of applications. However, training LLMs for languages other than English poses significant challenges,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Yudong Li , Yuhao Feng , Wen Zhou , Zhe Zhao , Linlin Shen , Cheng Hou , Xianxu Hou

Instruction tuning improves the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs), with data quality and scalability being the crucial factors. Most instruction tuning data come from human crowd-sourcing or GPT-4 distillation. We propose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xiang Yue , Tuney Zheng , Ge Zhang , Wenhu Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for open-domain question answering, yet their alignment with human perspectives on temporally recent information remains underexplored. We introduce RECOM (Reddit Evaluation for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Pushwitha Krishnappa , Amit Das , Vinija Jain , Tathagata Mukherjee , Aman Chadha

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable open-domain capabilities. LLMs tailored for a domain are typically trained entirely on domain corpus to excel at handling domain-specific tasks. In this work, we explore an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yong Xie , Karan Aggarwal , Aitzaz Ahmad

While large-scale training data is fundamental for developing capable large language models (LLMs), strategically selecting high-quality data has emerged as a critical approach to enhance training efficiency and reduce computational costs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Yang Yu , Kai Han , Hang Zhou , Yehui Tang , Kaiqi Huang , Yunhe Wang , Dacheng Tao

Norwegian, spoken by approximately five million people, remains underrepresented in many of the most significant breakthroughs in Natural Language Processing (NLP). To address this gap, the NorLLM team at NorwAI has developed a family of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Jon Atle Gulla , Peng Liu , Lemei Zhang

Hy-MT2 is a family of fast-thinking multilingual translation models designed for complex real-world scenarios. It includes three model sizes: 1.8B, 7B, and 30B-A3B (MoE), all of which support translation among 33 languages and effectively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Mao Zheng , Zheng Li , Tao Chen , Bo Lv , Mingrui Sun , Mingyang Song , Jinlong Song , Hong Huang , Decheng Wu , Hai Wang , Yifan Song , Yanfeng Chen , Guanwei Zhang
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