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The Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence is frequently used in data science. For discrete distributions on large state spaces, approximations of probability vectors may result in a few small negative entries, rendering the KL divergence…

We analyze the fluctuations of incomplete $U$-statistics over a triangular array of independent random variables. We give criteria for a Central Limit Theorem (CLT, for short) to hold in the sense that we prove that an appropriately scaled…

Probability · Mathematics 2020-03-24 Matthias Löwe , Sara Terveer

We obtain large deviations estimates for both sequential and random compositions of intermittent maps. We also address the question of whether or not centering is necessary for the quenched central limit theorems (CLT) obtained by Nicol,…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-08-14 Matthew Nicol , Felipe Perez Pereira , Andrew Torok

The Central Limit Theorem (CLT) is one of the most fundamental results in statistics. It states that the standardized sample mean of a sequence of $n$ mutually independent and identically distributed random variables with finite first and…

In this paper we provide the asymptotic theory of the general of $\phi$-divergences measures, which includes the most common divergence measures : Renyi and Tsallis families and the Kullback-Leibler measure. Instead of using the Parzen…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-04-18 Gane Samb Lo , Amadou Diadié Ba , Diam Ba

We provide a complete asymptotic distribution theory for clustered data with a large number of independent groups, generalizing the classic laws of large numbers, uniform laws, central limit theory, and clustered covariance matrix…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-03 Bruce E. Hansen , Seojeong Lee

We prove the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) from the definition of weak convergence using the Haar wavelet basis, calculus, and elementary probability. The use of the Haar basis pinpoints the role of $L^{2}([0,1])$ in the CLT as well as the…

Probability · Mathematics 2015-10-29 Vladimir Dobric , Patricia Garmirian

This paper is concerned with the limiting spectral behaviors of large dimensional Kendall's rank correlation matrices generated by samples with independent and continuous components. We do not require the components to be identically…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-16 Zeng Li , Qinwen Wang , Runze Li

We consider N single server infinite buffer queues with service rate \beta. Customers arrive at rate N\alpha, choose L queues uniformly, and join the shortest. We study the processes R^N for large N, where R^N_t(k) is the fraction of queues…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Carl Graham

Bernstein-von Mises results (BvM) establish that the Laplace approximation is asymptotically correct in the large-data limit. However, these results are inappropriate for computational purposes since they only hold over most, and not all,…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-05-01 Guillaume P. Dehaene

This paper deals with subspace estimation in the small sample size regime, where the number of samples is comparable in magnitude with the observation dimension. The traditional estimators, mostly based on the sample correlation matrix, are…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-19 Pascal Vallet , Xavier Mestre , Philippe Loubaton

We obtain the law of large numbers (LLN) and the central limit theorem (CLT) for weakly dependent non-stationary arrays of random fields with asymptotically unbounded moments. The weak dependence condition for arrays of random fields is…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-08-15 Yue Pan , Jiazhu Pan

In this paper, we establish the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for linear spectral statistics (LSSs) of large-dimensional generalized spiked sample covariance matrices, where the spiked eigenvalues may be either bounded or diverge to infinity.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-07 Zhijun Liu , Jiang Hu , Zhidong Bai , Zhihui Lv

We derive a Central Limit Theorem (CLT) for $\log \left\vert\det \left( W_{N}-E_{N}\right)\right\vert,$ where $W_{N}$ is a Wigner matrix, and $E_{N}$ is local to the edge of the semi-circle law. Precisely, $E_N=2+N^{-2/3}\sigma_N$ with…

Probability · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Iain M. Johnstone , Yegor Klochkov , Alexei Onatski , Damian Pavlyshyn

We study the fluctuations of the eigenvalues of real valued large centrosymmetric random matrices via its linear eigenvalue statistic. This is essentially a central limit theorem (CLT) for sums of dependent random variables. The dependence…

Probability · Mathematics 2025-10-01 Indrajit Jana , Sunita Rani

We derive the local and central limit theorems for the Stirling numbers of the second kind by elementary means, obtaining as corollaries effective asymptotic estimates for the Bell numbers and for the moments of the distribution. We also…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Hsien-Kuei Hwang , Chong-Yi Li , Vytas Zacharovas

Motivated by the increasing use of kernel-based metrics for high-dimensional and large-scale data, we study the asymptotic behavior of kernel two-sample tests when the dimension and sample sizes both diverge to infinity. We focus on the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-10-31 Jian Yan , Xianyang Zhang

The problem of estimating the Kullback-Leibler divergence $D(P\|Q)$ between two unknown distributions $P$ and $Q$ is studied, under the assumption that the alphabet size $k$ of the distributions can scale to infinity. The estimation is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-02-22 Yuheng Bu , Shaofeng Zou , Yingbin Liang , Venugopal V. Veeravalli

We derive a deterministic, non-asymptotic upper bound on the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence of the flow-matching distribution approximation. In particular, if the $L_2$ flow-matching loss is bounded by $\epsilon^2 > 0$, then the KL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Maojiang Su , Jerry Yao-Chieh Hu , Sophia Pi , Han Liu

We investigate the multivariate central limit theorem for nonlinear statistics by means of Stein's method and Slepian's smart path interpolation method. Based on certain difference operators in theory of concentration inequalities, we…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-11-14 Nguyen Tien Dung