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We discuss the problem of finding the most favorable conditions for closing the detection loophole in a test of local realism with a Bell inequality. For a generic non-maximally entangled two-qubit state and two alternative measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 G. Garbarino

In many quantum information applications, a minimum detection efficiency must be exceeded to ensure success. Protocols depending on the violation of a Bell inequality, for instance, may be subject to the so-called detection loophole:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-29 Jochen Szangolies , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

This article provides a comprehensive review of the critical role of detection efficiency in demonstrating non-classicality across various device-independent and semi-device-independent scenarios. The central focus is the detection…

The demonstration and use of nonlocality, as defined by Bell's theorem, rely strongly on dealing with non-detection events due to losses and detector inefficiencies. Otherwise, the so-called detection loophole could be exploited. The only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

The demonstration and use of nonlocality, as defined by Bell's theorem, rely strongly on dealing with non-detection events due to losses and detectors' inefficiencies. Otherwise, the so-called detection loophole could be exploited. The only…

Loophole-free quantum nonlocality often demands experiments with high complexity (defined by all parties' settings and outcomes) and multiple efficient detectors. Here, we identify the fundamental efficiency and complexity thresholds for…

No-signaling theories, which can contain nonlocal correlations stronger than classical correlations but limited by the no-signaling condition, have deepened our understanding of the quantum theory. In principle, the nonlocality of these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-11-01 Zhu Cao , Tianyi Peng

Quantum entanglement and nonlocality are foundational to quantum technologies, driving quantum computation, communication, and cryptography innovations. To benchmark the capabilities of these quantum techniques, efficient detection and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-03 Zhuo Chen , Fei Shi , Qi Zhao

There are bipartite quantum nonlocal correlations requiring very low detection efficiency to reach the loophole-free regime but that need too many measurement settings to be practical for actual experiments. This leads to the general…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-09 Jaskaran Singh , Adán Cabello

The detection loophole problem arises when quantum devices fail to provide an output for some of the experimental runs. These failures allow for the possibility of a local hidden-variable description of the resulting statistics; even if the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Thomas Cope

It is shown that the detection loophole which arises when trying to rule out local realistic theories as alternatives for quantum mechanics can be closed if the detection efficiency $\eta$ is larger than $\eta \geq d^{1/2} 2^{-0.0035d}$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-09-08 Serge Massar

There always exists an entanglement witness for every entangled quantum state. Negativity of the expectation value of an entanglement witness operator guarantees entanglement of the corresponding state, given that the measurement devices…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-24 Kornikar Sen , Chirag Srivastava , Shiladitya Mal , Aditi Sen De , Ujjwal Sen

The concept of entanglement witnesses form a useful technique to detect entanglement in realistic quantum devices. Measurement-device-independent nonlinear entanglement witnesses (MDI-NEWs) are a kind of entanglement witnesses which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-01 Kornikar Sen , Chirag Srivastava , Ujjwal Sen

Quantum causality violates classical intuitions of cause and effect and is a unique quantum feature different from other quantum phenomena such as entanglement and quantum nonlocality. In order to avoid the detection loophole in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-21 Zhu Cao

Certification of quantum nonlocality plays a central role in practical applications like device-independent quantum cryptography and random number generation protocols. These applications entail the challenging problem of certifying quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-21 S. Gómez , D. Uzcategui , I. Machuca , E. S. Gómez , S. P. Walborn , G. Lima , D. Goyeneche

We consider a possible detector-efficiency loophole in experiments that detect entanglement via the local measurement of witness operators. Here, only local properties of the detectors are known. We derive a general threshold for the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-07-18 Patrick Skwara , Hermann Kampermann , Matthias Kleinmann , Dagmar Bruss

This paper examines a quantitative and optimal lower bound on the detector efficiency in a (2,2,2) Bell experiment within a fully device-independent framework, whereby the detectors used in the experiment are uncharacterized. We provide a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-25 Arkaprabha Ghosal , Soumyadip Patra , Peter Bierhorst

The chained Bell inequalities of Braunstein and Caves involving N settings per observer have some interesting applications. Here we obtain the minimum detection efficiency required for a loophole-free violation of the Braunstein-Caves…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Adan Cabello , Jan-Åke Larsson , David Rodriguez

Genuine multipartite nonlocality (GMN), the strongest form of multipartite nonlocality that describes fully collective nonlocal correlations among all experimental parties, can be observed when different distant parties each locally measure…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-22 Valentin Gebhart , Augusto Smerzi

Here is considered a specific detection loophole, that is relevant not only to testing of quantum nonlocality, but also to some other applications of quantum computations and communications. It is described by a simple affine relation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Alexander Yu. Vlasov
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