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We propose a method to improve traditional character-based PPM text compression algorithms. Consider a text file as a sequence of alternating words and non-words, the basic idea of our algorithm is to encode non-words and prefixes of words…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Yichuan Hu , Jianzhong , Zhang , Farooq Khan , Ying Li

Cross-lingual representations of words enable us to reason about word meaning in multilingual contexts and are a key facilitator of cross-lingual transfer when developing natural language processing models for low-resource languages. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Sebastian Ruder , Ivan Vulić , Anders Søgaard

The goal of model compression is to reduce the size of a large neural network while retaining a comparable performance. As a result, computation and memory costs in resource-limited applications may be significantly reduced by dropping…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-11-10 Wenjing Yang , Ganghua Wang , Jie Ding , Yuhong Yang

Large language models (LLMs) excel in general tasks but struggle with domain-specific ones, requiring fine-tuning with specific data. With many open-source LLMs available, selecting the best model for fine-tuning downstream tasks is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Wei Huang , Huang Wei , Yinggui Wang

Various grammar compression algorithms have been proposed in the last decade. A grammar compression is a restricted CFG deriving the string deterministically. An efficient grammar compression develops a smaller CFG by finding duplicated…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-09-01 Shouhei Fukunaga , Yoshimasa Takabatake , I Tomohiro , Hiroshi Sakamoto

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) often impose limitations on the length of the text input to ensure the generation of fluent and relevant responses. This constraint restricts their applicability in scenarios involving long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-18 Weizhi Fei , Xueyan Niu , Pingyi Zhou , Lu Hou , Bo Bai , Lei Deng , Wei Han

This survey articles focuses on emerging connections between the fields of machine learning and data compression. While fundamental limits of classical (lossy) data compression are established using rate-distortion theory, the connections…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Jun Chen , Yong Fang , Ashish Khisti , Ayfer Ozgur , Nir Shlezinger , Chao Tian

Large Language Models (LLMs) require substantial computational resources, making model compression essential for efficient deployment in constrained environments. Among the dominant compression techniques: knowledge distillation, structured…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Shivansh Chhawri , Rahul Mahadik , Suparna Rooj

With the rise and ubiquity of larger deep learning models, the need for high-quality compression techniques is growing in order to deploy these models widely. The sheer parameter count of these models makes it difficult to fit them into the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Neha Verma , Kenton Murray , Kevin Duh

Recent work has shown that scaling large language models (LLMs) improves their alignment with human brain activity, yet it remains unclear what drives these gains and which representational properties are responsible. Although larger models…

Understanding the relationship between data compression and the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial, especially in specialized domains like code intelligence. Prior work posited a linear relationship between compression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shijie Xuyang , Xianzhen Luo , Zheng Chu , Houyi Li , Siming Huang , Qiufeng Wang , Wanxiang Che , Qingfu Zhu , Shuigeng Zhou

With the growth of model sizes and scale of their deployment, their sheer size burdens the infrastructure requiring more network and more storage to accommodate these. While there is a vast literature about reducing model sizes, we…

We formalize the problem of prompt compression for large language models (LLMs) and present a framework to unify token-level prompt compression methods which create hard prompts for black-box models. We derive the distortion-rate function…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Alliot Nagle , Adway Girish , Marco Bondaschi , Michael Gastpar , Ashok Vardhan Makkuva , Hyeji Kim

Model compression is increasingly essential for deploying large language models (LLMs), yet existing comparative studies largely focus on pruning and quantization evaluated primarily on knowledge-centric benchmarks. Thus, we introduce…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jonathan von Rad , Yong Cao , Andreas Geiger

Large language models (LLMs) face significant token efficiency bottlenecks in code generation and logical reasoning tasks, a challenge that directly impacts inference cost and model interpretability. This paper proposes a formal framework…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-03 Lumen AI , Tengzhou No. 1 Middle School , Shihao Ji , Zihui Song , Fucheng Zhong , Jisen Jia , Zhaobo Wu , Zheyi Cao , Tianhao Xu

Scaling large language models has driven remarkable advancements across various domains, yet the continual increase in model size presents significant challenges for real-world deployment. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Shwai He , Daize Dong , Liang Ding , Ang Li

Despite the impressive performance of LLMs, their widespread adoption faces challenges due to substantial computational and memory requirements during inference. Recent advancements in model compression and system-level optimization methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Arnav Chavan , Raghav Magazine , Shubham Kushwaha , Mérouane Debbah , Deepak Gupta

While overparameterization in machine learning models offers great benefits in terms of optimization and generalization, it also leads to increased computational requirements as model sizes grow. In this work, we show that by leveraging the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Can Yaras , Peng Wang , Laura Balzano , Qing Qu

The era of huge data necessitates highly efficient machine learning algorithms. Many common machine learning algorithms, however, rely on computationally intensive subroutines that are prohibitively expensive on large datasets. Oftentimes,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Mo Tiwari

Despite the increasing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), we still have a limited understanding of how their representational spaces are structured. This limits our ability to interpret how and what they learn or relate them to…