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Natural language processing (NLP) technology has shown great commercial value in applications such as sentiment analysis. But NLP models are vulnerable to the threat of pirated redistribution, damaging the economic interests of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Long Dai , Jiarong Mao , Xuefeng Fan , Xiaoyi Zhou

With the wide application of deep neural networks, it is important to verify a host's possession over a deep neural network model and protect the model. To meet this goal, various mechanisms have been designed. By embedding extra…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-07-19 Fang-Qi Li , Shi-Lin Wang , Alan Wee-Chung Liew

Quantum neural networks (QNNs) leverage quantum computing to create powerful and efficient artificial intelligence models capable of solving complex problems significantly faster than traditional computers. With the fast development of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Limengnan Zhou , Hanzhou Wu

With the increasing attention to deep neural network (DNN) models, attacks are also upcoming for such models. For example, an attacker may carefully construct images in specific ways (also referred to as adversarial examples) aiming to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-08 Yuexin Xiang , Tiantian Li , Wei Ren , Tianqing Zhu , Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo

Model extraction attacks aim to replicate the functionality of a black-box model through query access, threatening the intellectual property (IP) of machine-learning-as-a-service (MLaaS) providers. Defending against such attacks is…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Xueqi Cheng , Minxing Zheng , Shixiang Zhu , Yushun Dong

Digital image watermarking is the process of embedding and extracting watermark covertly on a carrier image. Incorporating deep learning networks with image watermarking has attracted increasing attention during recent years. However,…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Xin Zhong , Frank Y. Shih

Reports regarding the misuse of Generative AI (GenAI) to create deepfakes are frequent. Defensive watermarking enables GenAI providers to hide fingerprints in their images and use them later for deepfake detection. Yet, its potential has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Andre Kassis , Urs Hengartner

Image watermarking is a technique for hiding information into images that can withstand distortions while requiring the encoded image to be perceptually identical to the original image. Recent work based on deep neural networks (DNN) has…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Guanhui Ye , Jiashi Gao , Wei Xie , Bo Yin , Xuetao Wei

The rapid advancement of deep learning has turned models into highly valuable assets due to their reliance on massive data and costly training processes. However, these models are increasingly vulnerable to leakage and theft, highlighting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Zhendong Zhao , Yu Zhou , Xiaoyan Gu , Juan Cao

The widespread use of deep learning technology across various industries has made deep neural network models highly valuable and, as a result, attractive targets for potential attackers. Model extraction attacks, particularly query-based…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Zeyu Li , Chenghui Shi , Yuwen Pu , Xuhong Zhang , Yu Li , Jinbao Li , Shouling Ji

Machine learning (ML) applications are increasingly prevalent. Protecting the confidentiality of ML models becomes paramount for two reasons: (a) a model can be a business advantage to its owner, and (b) an adversary may use a stolen model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-02 Mika Juuti , Sebastian Szyller , Samuel Marchal , N. Asokan

Protecting the Intellectual Property rights of DNN models is of primary importance prior to their deployment. So far, the proposed methods either necessitate changes to internal model parameters or the machine learning pipeline, or they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Kassem Kallas , Teddy Furon

Deep neural networks have been widely applied and achieved great success in various fields. As training deep models usually consumes massive data and computational resources, trading the trained deep models is highly demanded and lucrative…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-11 Xuankai Liu , Fengting Li , Bihan Wen , Qi Li

Substantial research works have shown that deep models, e.g., pre-trained models, on the large corpus can learn universal language representations, which are beneficial for downstream NLP tasks. However, these powerful models are also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Yixin Liu , Hongsheng Hu , Xun Chen , Xuyun Zhang , Lichao Sun

Training deep neural networks from scratch could be computationally expensive and requires a lot of training data. Recent work has explored different watermarking techniques to protect the pre-trained deep neural networks from potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Xinyun Chen , Wenxiao Wang , Chris Bender , Yiming Ding , Ruoxi Jia , Bo Li , Dawn Song

Nowadays, Deep Learning as a service can be deployed in Internet of Things (IoT) to provide smart services and sensor data processing. However, recent research has revealed that some Deep Neural Networks (DNN) can be easily misled by adding…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Ling Wang , Cheng Zhang , Zejian Luo , Chenguang Liu , Jie Liu , Xi Zheng , Athanasios Vasilakos

The intellectual property of deep image-to-image models can be protected by the so-called box-free watermarking. It uses an encoder and a decoder, respectively, to embed into and extract from the model's output images invisible copyright…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Haonan An , Guang Hua , Zhengru Fang , Guowen Xu , Susanto Rahardja , Yuguang Fang

In the rapidly evolving domain of artificial intelligence, safeguarding the intellectual property of Large Language Models (LLMs) is increasingly crucial. Current watermarking techniques against model extraction attacks, which rely on…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Minhao Bai , Kaiyi Pang , Yongfeng Huang

Data has been regarded as a valuable asset with the fast development of artificial intelligence technologies. In this paper, we introduce deep-learning neural network-based frequency-domain watermarking for protecting energy system time…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-12 Zhenghao Zhou , Yiyan Li , Xinjie Yu , Jian Ping , Xiaoyuan Xu , Zheng Yan , Mohammad Shahidehpour

DNN watermarking is receiving an increasing attention as a suitable mean to protect the Intellectual Property Rights associated to DNN models. Several methods proposed so far are inspired to the popular Spread Spectrum (SS) paradigm…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Yue Li , Benedetta Tondi , Mauro Barni