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The formulation of a generalized classical electromagnetism that includes both electric and magnetic charges, is explored in the framework of two potential approach. It is shown that it is possible to write an action integral from which one…
Angular momentum is taught in every classical mechanics course. It is a difficult topic with misconceptions commonly forming significant barriers to student success. My intention in writing this paper is to combat some of the most common…
It is well known that the action functional can be used to define classical, quantum, closed, and open dynamics in a generalization of the variational principle and in the path integral formalism in classical and quantum dynamics,…
The Physics Education Group at the University of Washington is examining the extent to which students are able to use graphs of potential energy vs. position to infer kinematic and dynamic quantities for a system. The findings indicate that…
With the covariant formulation in hand from the first paper of this series (physics/9801019), we begin in this second paper to study the canonical (or ``instantaneous'') formulation of classical field theories. The canonical formluation…
We construct an operational formulation of classical mechanics without presupposing previous results from analytical mechanics. In doing so, several concepts from analytical mechanics will be rediscovered from an entirely new perspective.…
A manifestly gauge-invariant hamiltonian formulation of classical electrodynamics has been shown to be relativistic invariant by the construction of the adequate generators of the Poincare Lie algebra [Physica, 76, No. 3, 421-444 (1974)].…
We uncover the existence of a universal phenomenon concerning the electromagnetic optical force exerted by light or other electromagnetic waves on a distribution of charges and currents in general, and of particles in particular. This…
The concept of inertial frame of reference in classical physics and special theory of relativity is analysed. It has been shown that this fundamental concept of physics is not clear enough. A definition of inertial frame of reference is…
While active matter physics has traditionally focused on particles with overdamped dynamics, recent years have seen an increase of experimental and theoretical work on active systems with inertia. This also leads to an increased need for…
In relativistic mechanics the energy-momentum of a free point mass moving without acceleration forms a four-vector. Einstein's celebrated energy-mass relation E=mc^2 is commonly derived from that fact. By contrast, in Newtonian mechanics…
The structural analysis, i.e., the investigation of the differential-algebraic nature, of circuits containing simple elements, i.e., resistances, inductances and capacitances is well established. However, nowadays circuits contain all sorts…
Theories in physics usually do not address ``the present''or ``the now''. However, they usually have a precise notion of an ``instant'' (or state). I review how this notion appears in relational point mechanics and how it suffices to…
A modulated oscillation in two or three dimensions can be represented as the trajectory traced out in space by a particle orbiting an ellipse, the properties of which vary as a function of time. Generalizing ideas from signal analysis, the…
The identification of local pressure in active matter systems remains a subject of considerable debate. Through theoretical calculations and extensive simulations of various active systems, we demonstrate that intrinsic pressure (defined in…
The instant Lagranian coordinator system is used to describe the fluid material motion. By this way, the instant deformation gradient (expressed by spatial velocity gradient) concept is established. Based on this geometrical understanding,…
The approach to a substantiation of thermodynamics is offered. A conservative system of interacting elements, which is not in equilibrium, is used as a model. This system is then split into small subsystems that are accepted as being in…
Compact general formulae for the energy, momentum and angular momentum radiated by confined systems of charges and currents are presented in terms of their multipole Cartesian tensors. Besides the usual electric and magnetic multipoles, a…
Angular momentum is traditionally taught as a (pseudo)vector quantity, tied closely to the cross product. This approach is familiar to experts but challenging for students, and full of subtleties. Here, we present an alternative pedagogical…
This article was published as Sec.4 of the "Roadmap on Structured Light" in Journal of Optics 19 (2017) 013001. Section 4 describes the essential elements of the classical theory of electromagnetic force and momentum.