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Common evaluation paradigms for language models focus on scoring single responses through accuracy metrics or proper scoring rules, failing to capture the full richness of a model's belief state. Recent work illustrates that language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Thomas F Burns

Generating adversarial safety-critical scenarios is a pivotal method for testing autonomous driving systems, as it identifies potential weaknesses and enhances system robustness and reliability. However, existing approaches predominantly…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-03-03 Yukuan Yang , Xucheng Lu , Zhili Zhang , Zepeng Wu , Guoqi Li , Lingzhong Meng , Yunzhi Xue

Capturing uncertainty in object detection is indispensable for safe autonomous driving. In recent years, deep learning has become the de-facto approach for object detection, and many probabilistic object detectors have been proposed.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-07-13 Di Feng , Ali Harakeh , Steven Waslander , Klaus Dietmayer

As semi-automated vehicles (SAVs) become more common, ensuring effective human-vehicle interaction during control handovers remains a critical safety challenge. Existing studies often rely on single-session simulator experiments or…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Yasaman Hakiminejad , Shiva Azimi , Luis Gomero , Elizabeth Pantesco , Irene P. Kan , Meltem Izzetoglu , Arash Tavakoli

This article discusses new challenges for series development regarding the vehicle safety that arise from the recently published AEB test protocol by the consumer-test-organisation EuroNCAP for driver assistance systems [6]. The tests from…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-08-15 Delf Block , Sönke Heeren , Stefan Kühnel , André Leschke , Bernhard Rumpe , Vladislavs Serebro

The design and evaluation of complex systems can benefit from a software simulation - sometimes called a digital twin. The simulation can be used to characterize system performance or to test its performance under conditions that are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Zhenyi Liu , Devesh Shah , Alireza Rahimpour , Devesh Upadhyay , Joyce Farrell , Brian A Wandell

Autonomous driving technology has drawn a lot of attention due to its fast development and extremely high commercial values. The recent technological leap of autonomous driving can be primarily attributed to the progress in the environment…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-04-13 Jindi Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are demonstrating outstanding potential for tasks such as text generation, summarization, and classification. Given that such models are trained on a humongous amount of online knowledge, we hypothesize that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Jiahui Wu , Chengjie Lu , Aitor Arrieta , Tao Yue , Shaukat Ali

Vehicle models have a long history of research and as of today are able to model the involved physics in a reasonable manner. However, each new vehicle has its new characteristics or parameters. The identification of these is the main task…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Nicola Henkelmann , Stephan Rhode , Johannes von Keler

While autonomous vehicle (AV) technology has shown substantial progress, we still lack tools for rigorous and scalable testing. Real-world testing, the $\textit{de-facto}$ evaluation method, is dangerous to the public. Moreover, due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Justin Norden , Matthew O'Kelly , Aman Sinha

Semi-autonomous vehicles are increasingly serving critical functions in various settings from mining to logistics to defence. A key characteristic of such systems is the presence of the human (drivers) in the control loop. To ensure safety,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2013-01-03 Siraj Shaikh , Padmanabhan Krishnan

Automated Driving Systems (ADSs) have the potential to make mobility services available and safe for all. A multi-pillar Safety Assessment Framework (SAF) has been proposed for the type-approval process of ADSs. The SAF requires that the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Erwin de Gelder , Maren Buermann , Olaf Op den Camp

Ensuring the safe and efficient operation of CAVs relies heavily on the software framework used. A software framework needs to ensure real-time properties, reliable communication, and efficient resource utilization. Furthermore, a software…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-05-07 David Klüner , Simon Schäfer , Lucas Hegerath , Jianye Xu , Julius Kahle , Hazem Ibrahim , Alexandru Kampmann , Bassam Alrifaee

The homologation of automated vehicles, being safety-critical complex systems, requires sound evidence for their safe operability. Traditionally, verification and validation activities are guided by a combination of ISO 26262 and ISO/PAS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Christian Neurohr , Lukas Westhofen , Tabea Henning , Thies de Graaff , Eike Möhlmann , Eckard Böde

Virtual Reality (VR) technology has become increasingly popular in recent years as a key enabler of the Metaverse. VR applications have unique characteristics, including the revolutionized human-computer interaction mechanisms, that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Shuqing Li , Lili Wei , Yepang Liu , Cuiyun Gao , Shing-Chi Cheung , Michael R. Lyu

Real-world evaluation of perception-based planning models for robotic systems, such as autonomous vehicles, can be safely and inexpensively conducted offline, i.e. by computing model prediction error over a pre-collected validation dataset…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Animikh Aich , Adwait Kulkarni , Eshed Ohn-Bar

Ensuring safety is the primary objective of automated driving, which necessitates a comprehensive and accurate perception of the environment. While numerous performance evaluation metrics exist for assessing perception capabilities,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Jörg Gamerdinger , Sven Teufel , Stephan Amann , Oliver Bringmann

Testing is essential for verifying and validating control designs, especially in safety-critical applications. In particular, the control system governing an automated driving vehicle must be proven reliable enough for its acceptance on the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-11 Mengjia Zhu , Alberto Bemporad , Maximilian Kneissl , Hasan Esen

Virtual Reality (VR) is an emerging technique that provides a unique real-time experience for users. VR technologies have provided revolutionary user experiences in various scenarios (e.g., training, education, product/architecture design,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Dhia Elhaq Rzig , Nafees Iqbal , Isabella Attisano , Xue Qin , Foyzul Hassan

Safety evaluation of self-driving technologies has been extensively studied. One recent approach uses Monte Carlo based evaluation to estimate the occurrence probabilities of safety-critical events as safety measures. These Monte Carlo…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-07-19 Zhiyuan Huang , Mansur Arief , Henry Lam , Ding Zhao