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In the last years many accurate decision support systems have been constructed as black boxes, that is as systems that hide their internal logic to the user. This lack of explanation constitutes both a practical and an ethical issue. The…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Riccardo Guidotti , Anna Monreale , Salvatore Ruggieri , Franco Turini , Dino Pedreschi , Fosca Giannotti

Affective artificial intelligence has made substantial advances in recent years; yet two critical issues persist, particularly in sensitive applications. First, these systems frequently operate as 'black boxes', leaving their…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Marcelo Fransoy , Alejandro Hossian , Hernán Merlino

Post-hoc explainability methods aim to clarify predictions of black-box machine learning models. However, it is still largely unclear how well users comprehend the provided explanations and whether these increase the users ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-22 Anahid Jalali , Bernhard Haslhofer , Simone Kriglstein , Andreas Rauber

This paper reports two experiments (N=349) on the impact of post hoc explanations by example and error rates on peoples perceptions of a black box classifier. Both experiments show that when people are given case based explanations, from an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Courtney Ford , Eoin M. Kenny , Mark T. Keane

While deep neural network models offer unmatched classification performance, they are prone to learning spurious correlations in the data. Such dependencies on confounding information can be difficult to detect using performance metrics if…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-09 Susu Sun , Lisa M. Koch , Christian F. Baumgartner

Post-hoc explanation methods are an important class of approaches that help understand the rationale underlying a trained model's decision. But how useful are they for an end-user towards accomplishing a given task? In this vision paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Maximilian Idahl , Lijun Lyu , Ujwal Gadiraju , Avishek Anand

Over past several years, deep learning has achieved huge successes in various applications. However, such a data-driven approach is often criticized for lack of interpretability. Recently, we proposed artificial quadratic neural networks…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-06-12 Fenglei Fan , Ge Wang

With the ongoing development of deep learning, an increasing number of AI models have surpassed the performance levels of human clinical practitioners. However, the prevalence of AI diagnostic products in actual clinical practice remains…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Chenglong Wang , Yinqiao Yi , Yida Wang , Chengxiu Zhang , Yun Liu , Kensaku Mori , Mei Yuan , Guang Yang

Deep Learning methods are renowned for their performances, yet their lack of interpretability prevents them from high-stakes contexts. Recent model agnostic methods address this problem by providing post-hoc interpretability methods by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Marco Repetto

Deep neural networks are widely used for classification. These deep models often suffer from a lack of interpretability -- they are particularly difficult to understand because of their non-linear nature. As a result, neural networks are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-11-22 Oscar Li , Hao Liu , Chaofan Chen , Cynthia Rudin

This paper presents a Prolog-based reasoning module to generate counterfactual explanations given the predictions computed by a black-box classifier. The proposed symbolic reasoning module can also resolve what-if queries using the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Gonzalo Nápoles , Fabian Hoitsma , Andreas Knoben , Agnieszka Jastrzebska , Maikel Leon Espinosa

Understanding the inner mechanisms of black-box foundation models (FMs) is essential yet challenging in artificial intelligence and its applications. Over the last decade, the long-running focus has been on their explainability, leading to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Shi Fu , Yuzhu Chen , Yingjie Wang , Dacheng Tao

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have been shown to outperform traditional machine learning algorithms in a broad variety of application domains due to their effectiveness in modeling complex problems and handling high-dimensional datasets. Many…

This essay is about a neural implementation of the fuzzy cognitive map, the FHM, and corresponding evaluations. Firstly, a neural net has been designed to behave the same way that an FCM does; as inputs it accepts many fuzzy cognitive maps…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Alexis Kafantaris

The increasing use of deep learning across various domains highlights the importance of understanding the decision-making processes of these black-box models. Recent research focusing on the decision boundaries of deep classifiers, relies…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Inês Gomes , Luís F. Teixeira , Jan N. van Rijn , Carlos Soares , André Restivo , Luís Cunha , Moisés Santos

Counterfactual post-hoc interpretability approaches have been proven to be useful tools to generate explanations for the predictions of a trained blackbox classifier. However, the assumptions they make about the data and the classifier make…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-13 Thibault Laugel , Marie-Jeanne Lesot , Christophe Marsala , Marcin Detyniecki

Machine learning solutions for pattern classification problems are nowadays widely deployed in society and industry. However, the lack of transparency and accountability of most accurate models often hinders their safe use. Thus, there is a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Gonzalo Nápoles , Yamisleydi Salgueiro , Isel Grau , Maikel Leon Espinosa

Post-hoc explanations of machine learning models are crucial for people to understand and act on algorithmic predictions. An intriguing class of explanations is through counterfactuals, hypothetical examples that show people how to obtain a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-09 Ramaravind Kommiya Mothilal , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan

Fuzzy Description Logics (DLs) provide a means for representing vague knowledge about an application domain. In this paper, we study fuzzy extensions of conjunctive queries (CQs) over the DL $\mathcal{SROIQ}$ based on finite chains of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-10-15 Stefan Borgwardt , Theofilos Mailis , Rafael Peñaloza , Anni-Yasmin Turhan

Understanding the predictions made by deep learning models remains a central challenge, especially in high-stakes applications. A promising approach is to equip models with the ability to answer counterfactual questions -- hypothetical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Inwoo Hwang , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim