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What features neural networks learn, and how, remains an open question. In this paper, we introduce Alternating Gradient Flows (AGF), an algorithmic framework that describes the dynamics of feature learning in two-layer networks trained…

Bilevel optimization is a fundamental tool in hierarchical decision-making and has been widely applied to machine learning tasks such as hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning, and continual learning. While significant progress has been made…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Nazanin Abolfazli , Sina Sharifi , Mahyar Fazlyab , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

We study the efficacy and efficiency of deep generative networks for approximating probability distributions. We prove that neural networks can transform a low-dimensional source distribution to a distribution that is arbitrarily close to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yunfei Yang , Zhen Li , Yang Wang

Bayesian inference with computationally expensive likelihood evaluations remains a significant challenge in many scientific domains. We propose normalizing flow regression (NFR), a novel offline inference method for approximating posterior…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-04-17 Chengkun Li , Bobby Huggins , Petrus Mikkola , Luigi Acerbi

Neural Scene Flow Prior (NSFP) is of significant interest to the vision community due to its inherent robustness to out-of-distribution (OOD) effects and its ability to deal with dense lidar points. The approach utilizes a coordinate neural…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Xueqian Li , Jianqiao Zheng , Francesco Ferroni , Jhony Kaesemodel Pontes , Simon Lucey

The notion of entropy-regularized optimal transport, also known as Sinkhorn divergence, has recently gained popularity in machine learning and statistics, as it makes feasible the use of smoothed optimal transportation distances for data…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-11-05 Jérémie Bigot , Elsa Cazelles , Nicolas Papadakis

We give quantitative estimates for the rate of convergence of Riemannian stochastic gradient descent (RSGD) to Riemannian gradient flow and to a diffusion process, the so-called Riemannian stochastic modified flow (RSMF). Using tools from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-10 Benjamin Gess , Sebastian Kassing , Nimit Rana

We introduce Statistical Flow Matching (SFM), a novel and mathematically rigorous flow-matching framework on the manifold of parameterized probability measures inspired by the results from information geometry. We demonstrate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Chaoran Cheng , Jiahan Li , Jian Peng , Ge Liu

We study the machine learning task for models with operators mapping between the Wasserstein space of probability measures and a space of functions, like e.g. in mean-field games/control problems. Two classes of neural networks, based on…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-09-19 Huyên Pham , Xavier Warin

Score-based generative models (SGMs) is a recent class of deep generative models with state-of-the-art performance in many applications. In this paper, we establish convergence guarantees for a general class of SGMs in 2-Wasserstein…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Xuefeng Gao , Hoang M. Nguyen , Lingjiong Zhu

Flow Matching has become a cornerstone of modern generative models like Stable Diffusion 3, largely due to the efficiency of its Rectified Flow (RF) variant. The success of RF hinges on iteratively learning straight trajectories, pushing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Vansh Bansal , Saptarshi Roy , Purnamrita Sarkar , Alessandro Rinaldo

We introduce BatchGFN -- a novel approach for pool-based active learning that uses generative flow networks to sample sets of data points proportional to a batch reward. With an appropriate reward function to quantify the utility of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-28 Shreshth A. Malik , Salem Lahlou , Andrew Jesson , Moksh Jain , Nikolay Malkin , Tristan Deleu , Yoshua Bengio , Yarin Gal

The purpose of this paper is to answer a few open questions in the interface of kernel methods and PDE gradient flows. Motivated by recent advances in machine learning, particularly in generative modeling and sampling, we present a rigorous…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-29 Jia-Jie Zhu , Alexander Mielke

We develop a unified theoretical framework for data-free one-step sampling from unnormalized target distributions based on Wasserstein gradient flows. For a broad class of standard f-divergence objectives, we show that the induced velocity…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Chenguang Wang , Tianshu Yu

Sampling from high-dimensional distributions is a fundamental problem in statistical research and practice. However, great challenges emerge when the target density function is unnormalized and contains isolated modes. We tackle this…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-04-11 Yixuan Qiu , Xiao Wang

We are interested in learning generative models for complex geometries described via manifolds, such as spheres, tori, and other implicit surfaces. Current extensions of existing (Euclidean) generative models are restricted to specific…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-11-04 Noam Rozen , Aditya Grover , Maximilian Nickel , Yaron Lipman

We introduce a novel discretization scheme for Wasserstein gradient flows that involves successively computing Schr\"{o}dinger bridges with the same marginals. This is different from both the forward/geodesic approximation and the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-18 Medha Agarwal , Zaid Harchaoui , Garrett Mulcahy , Soumik Pal

We present Wasserstein Embedding for Graph Learning (WEGL), a novel and fast framework for embedding entire graphs in a vector space, in which various machine learning models are applicable for graph-level prediction tasks. We leverage new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-03 Soheil Kolouri , Navid Naderializadeh , Gustavo K. Rohde , Heiko Hoffmann

Wasserstein gradient flow has emerged as a promising approach to solve optimization problems over the space of probability distributions. A recent trend is to use the well-known JKO scheme in combination with input convex neural networks to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Jiaojiao Fan , Qinsheng Zhang , Amirhossein Taghvaei , Yongxin Chen

We propose a principled and effective framework for one-step generative modeling. We introduce the notion of average velocity to characterize flow fields, in contrast to instantaneous velocity modeled by Flow Matching methods. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Zhengyang Geng , Mingyang Deng , Xingjian Bai , J. Zico Kolter , Kaiming He
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