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We discuss the fundamental issue of identification in linear instrumental variable (IV) models with unknown IV validity. With the assumption of the "sparsest rule", which is equivalent to the plurality rule but becomes operational in…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-12-06 Yiqi Lin , Frank Windmeijer , Xinyuan Song , Qingliang Fan

We consider a nonparametric regression model with continuous endogenous independent variables when only discrete instruments are available that are independent of the error term. Although this framework is very relevant for applied…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-10-18 Samuele Centorrino , Frédérique Fève , Jean-Pierre Florens

To estimate causal effects, analysts performing observational studies in health settings utilize several strategies to mitigate bias due to confounding by indication. There are two broad classes of approaches for these purposes: use of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-01 Roy S. Zawadzki , Joshua D. Grill , Daniel L. Gillen

Instrumental variable (IV) regression relies on instruments to infer causal effects from observational data with unobserved confounding. We consider IV regression in time series models, such as vector auto-regressive (VAR) processes. Direct…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-07-23 Nikolaj Thams , Rikke Søndergaard , Sebastian Weichwald , Jonas Peters

Instrumental variable analysis is a widely used method to estimate causal effects in the presence of unmeasured confounding. When the instruments, exposure and outcome are not measured in the same sample, Angrist and Krueger (1992)…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-09-07 Qingyuan Zhao , Jingshu Wang , Jack Bowden , Dylan S. Small

Instrumental variable (IV) methods rely critically on the exclusion restriction, which is untestable in exactly-identified models under standard assumptions. We propose a framework combining IV analysis with the LiNGAM method to test this…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-03-17 Fernando Delbianco

We develop a concept of weak identification in linear IV models in which the number of instruments can grow at the same rate or slower than the sample size. We propose a jackknifed version of the classical weak identification-robust…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-10-06 Anna Mikusheva , Liyang Sun

Instrumental variable models allow us to identify a causal function between covariates $X$ and a response $Y$, even in the presence of unobserved confounding. Most of the existing estimators assume that the error term in the response $Y$…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-09-23 Sorawit Saengkyongam , Leonard Henckel , Niklas Pfister , Jonas Peters

The advent of the big data era brought new opportunities and challenges to draw treatment effect in data fusion, that is, a mixed dataset collected from multiple sources (each source with an independent treatment assignment mechanism). Due…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Anpeng Wu , Kun Kuang , Ruoxuan Xiong , Minqing Zhu , Yuxuan Liu , Bo Li , Furui Liu , Zhihua Wang , Fei Wu

We study identification in nonparametric regression models with a misclassified and endogenous binary regressor when an instrument is correlated with misclassification error. We show that the regression function is nonparametrically…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-08-31 Hiroyuki Kasahara , Katsumi Shimotsu

The linear instrumental variable (IV) model is widely used in observational studies, yet its validity hinges on strong assumptions. Classical specification tests such as the Sargan-Hansen J test are limited to overidentified settings and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-21 Cyrill Scheidegger , Malte Londschien , Peter Bühlmann

In some causal inference scenarios, the treatment variable is measured inaccurately, for instance in epidemiology or econometrics. Failure to correct for the effect of this measurement error can lead to biased causal effect estimates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-13 Antti Pöllänen , Pekka Marttinen

In this study, we investigate estimation and inference on a low-dimensional causal parameter in the presence of high-dimensional controls in an instrumental variable quantile regression. Our proposed econometric procedure builds on the…

Econometrics · Economics 2021-02-23 Jau-er Chen , Chien-Hsun Huang , Jia-Jyun Tien

Instrumental variable (IV) strategies are widely used in political science to establish causal relationships. However, the identifying assumptions required by an IV design are demanding, and it remains challenging for researchers to assess…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-11-08 Apoorva Lal , Mac Lockhart , Yiqing Xu , Ziwen Zu

In an instrumental variable model, the score statistic can be bounded for any alternative in parts of the parameter space. These regions involve a constraint on the first-stage regression coefficients and the reduced-form covariance matrix.…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-09-13 Marcelo J. Moreira , Geert Ridder

Reliable estimation of treatment effects from observational data is important in many disciplines such as medicine. However, estimation is challenging when unconfoundedness as a standard assumption in the causal inference literature is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Jonas Schweisthal , Dennis Frauen , Maresa Schröder , Konstantin Hess , Niki Kilbertus , Stefan Feuerriegel

We propose and implement an approach to inference in linear instrumental variables models which is simultaneously robust and computationally tractable. Inference is based on self-normalization of sample moment conditions, and allows for…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-11-29 Eric Gautier , Christiern Rose

This paper considers identification and estimation of the causal effect of the time Z until a subject is treated on a survival outcome T. The treatment is not randomly assigned, T is randomly right censored by a random variable C and the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-12-20 Jad Beyhum , Samuele Centorrino , Jean-Pierre Florens , Ingrid Van Keilegom

In this paper, we study nonparametric estimation of instrumental variable (IV) regressions. Recently, many flexible machine learning methods have been developed for instrumental variable estimation. However, these methods have at least one…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-02-13 Andrew Bennett , Nathan Kallus , Xiaojie Mao , Whitney Newey , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Masatoshi Uehara

Certain causal models involving unmeasured variables induce no independence constraints among the observed variables but imply, nevertheless, inequality contraints on the observed distribution. This paper derives a general formula for such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-21 Judea Pearl