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Contextual biasing is essential to improving the recognition of rare and domain-specific words in an automatic speech recognition (ASR) system. While numerous methods have been proposed in recent years, most of them focus on offline…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-20 Kai-Chen Tsai , Tien-Hong Lo , Yun-Ting Sun , Berlin Chen

Language modeling (LM) for automatic speech recognition (ASR) does not usually incorporate utterance level contextual information. For some domains like voice assistants, however, additional context, such as the time at which an utterance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-04 Richard Diehl Martinez , Scott Novotney , Ivan Bulyko , Ariya Rastrow , Andreas Stolcke , Ankur Gandhe

This paper studies contextual biasing with Large Language Models (LLMs), where during second-pass rescoring additional contextual information is provided to a LLM to boost Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) performance. We propose to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-25 Chuanneng Sun , Zeeshan Ahmed , Yingyi Ma , Zhe Liu , Lucas Kabela , Yutong Pang , Ozlem Kalinli

End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has advanced significantly yet still struggles with rare and domain-specific entities. This paper introduces a simple yet efficient prompt-based biasing technique for contextualized ASR,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Bo Ren , Yu Shi , Jinyu Li

Contextual automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems allow for recognizing out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words, such as named entities or rare words. However, it remains challenging due to limited training data and ambiguous or inconsistent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Changsong Liu , Yizhou Peng , Eng Siong Chng

Employing pre-trained language models (LM) to extract contextualized word representations has achieved state-of-the-art performance on various NLP tasks. However, applying this technique to noisy transcripts generated by automatic speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Chao-Wei Huang , Yun-Nung Chen

Due to the mismatch between the source and target domains, how to better utilize the biased word information to improve the performance of the automatic speech recognition model in the target domain becomes a hot research topic. Previous…

Sound · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Yaoxun Xu , Baiji Liu , Qiaochu Huang and , Xingchen Song , Zhiyong Wu , Shiyin Kang , Helen Meng

Speech-aware LLMs (SLLMs) have recently achieved state-of-the-art ASR performance; however, they still fail to accurately transcribe bias words that appear rarely or never in the training data. Contextual biasing mechanisms are commonly…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-15 Sashi Novitasari , Takashi Fukuda , Kurata Gakuto , George Saon

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) system is becoming a ubiquitous technology. Although its accuracy is closing the gap with that of human level under certain settings, one area that can further improve is to incorporate user-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-05 Young Mo Kang , Yingbo Zhou

Contextual ASR or hotword customization holds substantial practical value. Despite the impressive performance of current end-to-end (E2E) automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems, they often face challenges in accurately recognizing rare…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-12 Guanrou Yang , Ziyang Ma , Zhifu Gao , Shiliang Zhang , Xie Chen

Fast contextual adaptation has shown to be effective in improving Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) of rare words and when combined with an on-device personalized training, it can yield an even better recognition result. However, the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-10-08 Tsendsuren Munkhdalai , Khe Chai Sim , Angad Chandorkar , Fan Gao , Mason Chua , Trevor Strohman , Françoise Beaufays

Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) models are popular for their balance between speed and performance for Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR). However, these CTC models still struggle in other areas, such as personalization towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-04 Devang Kulshreshtha , Saket Dingliwal , Brady Houston , Sravan Bodapati

Conversational automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a task to recognize conversational speech including multiple speakers. Unlike sentence-level ASR, conversational ASR can naturally take advantages from specific characteristics of…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-02-18 Kun Wei , Yike Zhang , Sining Sun , Lei Xie , Long Ma

Despite the success of end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) models, challenges persist in recognizing rare, out-of-vocabulary words - including named entities (NE) - and in adapting to new domains using only text data. This work…

Large language model (LLM)-based automatic speech recognition (ASR) has recently achieved strong performance across diverse tasks, yet contextual biasing for named entities and hotwords under large vocabularies remains challenging. In this…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-29 YuXiang Kong , JunFeng Hou , Jian Tang , Bingqing Zhu , Jicheng Zhang , Shaofei Xue

Contextual biasing (CB) improves automatic speech recognition for rare and unseen phrases. Recent studies have introduced dynamic vocabulary, which represents context phrases as expandable tokens in autoregressive (AR) models. This method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Yui Sudo , Yosuke Fukumoto , Muhammad Shakeel , Yifan Peng , Chyi-Jiunn Lin , Shinji Watanabe

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems often encounter difficulties in accurately recognizing rare words, leading to errors that can have a negative impact on downstream tasks such as keyword spotting, intent detection, and text…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Jiajun He , Zekun Yang , Tomoki Toda

Neural sequence-to-sequence automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems are in principle open vocabulary systems, when using appropriate modeling units. In practice, however, they often fail to recognize words not seen during training, e.g.,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-30 Christian Huber , Rishu Kumar , Ondřej Bojar , Alexander Waibel

Contextual biasing enables speech recognizers to transcribe important phrases in the speaker's context, such as contact names, even if they are rare in, or absent from, the training data. Attention-based biasing is a leading approach which…

The attention-based deep contextual biasing method has been demonstrated to effectively improve the recognition performance of end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems on given contextual phrases. However, unlike shallow fusion…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-10-10 Kaixun Huang , Ao Zhang , Binbin Zhang , Tianyi Xu , Xingchen Song , Lei Xie