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Implicit feedback (e.g., clicks, dwell times, etc.) is an abundant source of data in human-interactive systems. While implicit feedback has many advantages (e.g., it is inexpensive to collect, user centric, and timely), its inherent biases…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-08-17 Thorsten Joachims , Adith Swaminathan , Tobias Schnabel

Learning to rank with implicit feedback is one of the most important tasks in many real-world information systems where the objective is some specific utility, e.g., clicks and revenue. However, we point out that existing methods based on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Xinyi Dai , Jiawei Hou , Qing Liu , Yunjia Xi , Ruiming Tang , Weinan Zhang , Xiuqiang He , Jun Wang , Yong Yu

Increasing users' positive interactions, such as purchases or clicks, is an important objective of recommender systems. Recommenders typically aim to select items that users will interact with. If the recommended items are purchased, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Masahiro Sato , Sho Takemori , Janmajay Singh , Tomoko Ohkuma

Clickthrough data is a particularly inexpensive and plentiful resource to obtain implicit relevance feedback for improving and personalizing search engines. However, it is well known that the probability of a user clicking on a result is…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Filip Radlinski , Thorsten Joachims

In web search and recommendation systems, user clicks are widely used to train ranking models. However, click data is heavily biased, i.e., users tend to click higher-ranked items (position bias), choose only what was shown to them…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Haoming Gong , Qingyao Ai , Zhihao Tao , Yongfeng Zhang

Although click data is widely used in search systems in practice, so far the inherent bias, most notably position bias, has prevented it from being used in training of a ranker for search, i.e., learning-to-rank. Recently, a number of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-02-28 Ziniu Hu , Yang Wang , Qu Peng , Hang Li

Most existing unbiased learning-to-rank (ULTR) approaches are based on the user examination hypothesis, which assumes that users will click a result only if it is both relevant and observed (typically modeled by position). However, in…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Lulu Yu , Keping Bi , Jiafeng Guo , Shihao Liu , Dawei Yin , Xueqi Cheng

Rankings are the primary interface through which many online platforms match users to items (e.g. news, products, music, video). In these two-sided markets, not only the users draw utility from the rankings, but the rankings also determine…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-06-01 Marco Morik , Ashudeep Singh , Jessica Hong , Thorsten Joachims

Learning-to-rank (LTR) algorithms are ubiquitous and necessary to explore the extensive catalogs of media providers. To avoid the user examining all the results, its preferences are used to provide a subset of relatively small size. The…

Nowadays, recommender systems already impact almost every facet of peoples lives. To provide personalized high quality recommendation results, conventional systems usually train pointwise rankers to predict the absolute value of objectives…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-12-01 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Siwen Zhu

Unbiased Learning to Rank (ULTR) that learns to rank documents with biased user feedback data is a well-known challenge in information retrieval. Existing methods in unbiased learning to rank typically rely on click modeling or inverse…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-02-09 Dan Luo , Lixin Zou , Qingyao Ai , Zhiyu Chen , Dawei Yin , Brian D. Davison

Implicit feedback data, such as user clicks, is commonly used in learning-to-rank (LTR) systems because it is easy to collect and it often reflects user preferences. However, this data is prone to various biases, and training an LTR…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Md Aminul Islam , Kathryn Vasilaky , Elena Zheleva

Ranking systems form the basis for online search engines and recommendation services. They process large collections of items, for instance web pages or e-commerce products, and present the user with a small ordered selection. The goal of a…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Harrie Oosterhuis

Unbiased learning to rank (ULTR), which aims to learn unbiased ranking models from biased user behavior logs, plays an important role in Web search. Previous research on ULTR has studied a variety of biases in users' clicks, such as…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Zechun Niu , Lang Mei , Liu Yang , Ziyuan Zhao , Qiang Yan , Jiaxin Mao , Ji-Rong Wen

Generally speaking, the model training for recommender systems can be based on two types of data, namely explicit feedback and implicit feedback. Moreover, because of its general availability, we see wide adoption of implicit feedback data,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Jiangpeng Rong , Siwen Zhu

It is a well-known challenge to learn an unbiased ranker with biased feedback. Unbiased learning-to-rank(LTR) algorithms, which are verified to model the relative relevance accurately based on noisy feedback, are appealing candidates and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-03-09 Yi Ren , Hongyan Tang , Siwen Zhu

Item recommendation task predicts a personalized ranking over a set of items for each individual user. One paradigm is the rating-based methods that concentrate on explicit feedbacks and hence face the difficulties in collecting them.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-15 Guang-Neng Hu , Xin-Yu Dai

Information retrieval systems, such as online marketplaces, news feeds, and search engines, are ubiquitous in today's digital society. They facilitate information discovery by ranking retrieved items on predicted relevance, i.e. likelihood…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-05-16 Rina Friedberg , Karthik Rajkumar , Jialiang Mao , Qian Yao , YinYin Yu , Min Liu

Learning-to-Rank (LTR) models trained from implicit feedback (e.g. clicks) suffer from inherent biases. A well-known one is the position bias -- documents in top positions are more likely to receive clicks due in part to their position…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Mucun Tian , Chun Guo , Vito Ostuni , Zhen Zhu

Modern data-driven recommendation systems risk memorizing sensitive user behavioral patterns, raising privacy concerns. Existing recommendation unlearning methods, while capable of removing target data influence, suffer from inefficient…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Junpeng Zhao , Lin Li , Ming Li , Amran Bhuiyan , Jimmy Huang
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