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Estimation of individualized treatment effects (ITE) from observational studies is a fundamental problem in causal inference and holds significant importance across domains, including healthcare. However, limited observational datasets pose…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Vinod Kumar Chauhan , Jiandong Zhou , Ghadeer Ghosheh , Soheila Molaei , David A. Clifton

Off-policy policy evaluation methods for sequential decision making can be used to help identify if a proposed decision policy is better than a current baseline policy. However, a new decision policy may be better than a baseline policy for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Ramtin Keramati , Omer Gottesman , Leo Anthony Celi , Finale Doshi-Velez , Emma Brunskill

Drug repurposing identifies new therapeutic uses for existing drugs, reducing the time and costs compared to traditional de novo drug discovery. Most existing drug repurposing studies using real-world patient data often treat the entire…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Seungyeon Lee , Ruoqi Liu , Feixiong Cheng , Ping Zhang

Heterogeneous treatment effects, which vary according to individual covariates, are crucial in fields such as personalized medicine and tailored treatment strategies. In many applications, rather than considering the heterogeneity induced…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-26 Peng Wu , Pengtao Zeng , Zhaoqing Tian , Shaojie Wei

There is strong interest in estimating how the magnitude of treatment effects of an intervention vary across sub-groups of the population of interest. In our paper, we propose a two-study approach to first propose and then test…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-23 Rahul Ladhania , Amelia Haviland , Neeraj Sood , Edward Kennedy , Ateev Mehrotra

Identifying heterogeneous treatment effects (HTEs) in randomized controlled trials is an important step toward understanding and acting on trial results. However, HTEs are often small and difficult to identify, and HTE modeling methods…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-11-24 Erin Craig , Donald A Redelmeier , Robert J Tibshirani

The rich longitudinal individual level data available from electronic health records (EHRs) can be used to examine treatment effect heterogeneity. However, estimating treatment effects using EHR data poses several challenges, including…

This paper develops a novel nonparametric identification method for treatment effects in settings where individuals self-select into treatment sequences. I propose an identification strategy which relies on a dynamic version of standard…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-12-05 Pedro Picchetti

Understanding treatment heterogeneity is essential to the development of precision medicine, which seeks to tailor medical treatments to subgroups of patients with similar characteristics. One of the challenges to achieve this goal is that…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-08-21 Shujie Ma , Jian Huang , Zhiwei Zhang , Mingming Liu

The heterogeneity of treatment effect (HTE) lies at the heart of precision medicine. Randomized controlled trials are gold-standard for treatment effect estimation but are typically underpowered for heterogeneous effects. In contrast, large…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-14 Shu Yang , Siyi Liu , Donglin Zeng , Xiaofei Wang

Treatment effect estimation, which helps understand the causality between treatment and outcome variable, is a central task in decision-making across various domains. While most studies focus on treatment effect estimation on individual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Shonosuke Harada , Ryosuke Yoneda , Hisashi Kashima

Hypergraphs provide an effective abstraction for modeling multi-way group interactions among nodes, where each hyperedge can connect any number of nodes. Different from most existing studies which leverage statistical dependencies, we study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Jing Ma , Mengting Wan , Longqi Yang , Jundong Li , Brent Hecht , Jaime Teevan

Estimating the individual treatment effect (ITE) from observational data is a crucial research topic that holds significant value across multiple domains. How to identify hidden confounders poses a key challenge in ITE estimation. Recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-15 Ziqiang Cui , Xing Tang , Yang Qiao , Bowei He , Liang Chen , Xiuqiang He , Chen Ma

Subclassification and matching are often used in empirical studies to adjust for observed covariates; however, they are largely restricted to relatively simple study designs with a binary treatment and less developed for designs with a…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-01-28 Bo Zhang , Emily J. Mackay , Mike Baiocchi

We propose a novel multi-task neural network approach for estimating distributional treatment effects (DTE) in randomized experiments. While DTE provides more granular insights into the experiment outcomes over conventional methods focusing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Tomu Hirata , Undral Byambadalai , Tatsushi Oka , Shota Yasui , Shingo Uto

Treatment effect heterogeneity occurs when individual characteristics influence the effect of a treatment. We propose a novel approach that combines prognostic score matching and conditional inference trees to characterize effect…

Developing new drugs for target diseases is a time-consuming and expensive task, drug repurposing has become a popular topic in the drug development field. As much health claim data become available, many studies have been conducted on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Yaobin Ling , Pulakesh Upadhyaya , Luyao Chen , Xiaoqian Jiang , Yejin Kim

Subgroup analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) constitute an important component of the drug development process in precision medicine. In particular, subgroup analyses of early-stage trials often influence the design and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-12 Daniel Schwartz , Riddhiman Saha , Steffen Ventz , Lorenzo Trippa

We study the problem of inferring heterogeneous treatment effects from time-to-event data. While both the related problems of (i) estimating treatment effects for binary or continuous outcomes and (ii) predicting survival outcomes have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Alicia Curth , Changhee Lee , Mihaela van der Schaar

Assessing treatment effect heterogeneity (TEH) in clinical trials is crucial, as it provides insights into the variability of treatment responses among patients, influencing important decisions related to drug development. Furthermore, it…

Applications · Statistics 2026-02-06 Konstantinos Sechidis , Cong Zhang , Sophie Sun , Yao Chen , Asher Spector , Björn Bornkamp