Related papers: The Definition of a Photon Surface in an Invariant…
The equations for the photon surface in spherical symmetry are worked out, starting from arXiv:gr-qc/0005050, in the most general dynamical setting. We show that the condition for a timelike hypersurface to be a photon surface can be…
Based on the geometry of the codimension-2 surface in a general spherically symmetric spacetime, we give a quasi-local definition of a photon sphere as well as a photon surface. This new definition is the generalization of the one by…
A photon surface $S$ is defined as a three-dimensional timelike hypersurface such that any null geodesic initially tangent to $S$ continues to be included in $S$, like $r=3M$ of the Schwarzschild spacetime. Using analytic solutions to…
We investigate photon surfaces and their stability in a less symmetric spacetime, a general static warped product with a warping function acting on a Riemannian submanifold of codimension two. We find a one-dimensional pseudopotential that…
In this work, inspired by the definition of the photon surface given by Claudel, Virbhadra, and Ellis, we give an alternative quasi-local definition to study the circular orbits of single-pole particles. This definition does not only apply…
We study timelike, totally umbilic hypersurfaces -- called photon surfaces -- in $n+1$-dimensional static, asymptotically flat spacetimes, for $n+1\geq4$. First, we give a complete characterization of photon surfaces in a class of…
Photon spheres have attracted considerable interest in the studies of black holes and other astrophysical objects. For different categories of spacetimes (or gravitational sources), the existence of photon spheres and their distributions…
We discuss the uniqueness of the static spacetimes with non-trivial conformal scalar field. Then, we can show that the spacetime is unique to be the Bocharova-Bronnikov-Melnikov-Bekenstein solution outside the surface composed of the…
We present the fundamentals of the recently proposed geometric description of photon regions in terms of foliation into fundamental photon hypersurfaces, which satisfies the umbilic condition for the subbundle of the tangent bundle defined…
Stability of a photon sphere, or stability of circular null geodesics on the sphere, plays a key role in its applications to astrophysics. For instance, an unstable photon sphere is responsible for determining the size of a black hole…
The geodesic method has played a crucial role in understanding the circular orbits generated by compact objects, culminating in the definition of the photon sphere, which was later generalized to a photon surface in arbitrary spacetimes.…
Photon surfaces are timelike, totally umbilic hypersurfaces of Lorentzian spacetimes. In the first part of this paper, we locally characterize all possible photon surfaces in a class of static, spherically symmetric spacetimes that includes…
Recently, several new characteristics have been introduced to describe null geodesic structure of strong gravitational field, such as photon regions, transversely trapping surfaces and some generalizations. They give an alternative and…
Sonic point/photon sphere (SP/PS) correspondence is a theoretical phenomenon which appears in fluid dynamics on curved spacetime and its existence has been recently proved in quite wide situations as theorems. The theorems state that a…
The photon surface is defined as a timelike surface $S$ such that any photon emitted in arbitrary tangential direction to $S$ from an arbitrary point on $S$ continues to propagate on $S$. In this paper, we examine whether a static photon…
We consider a class of static and spherically symmetric black hole geometries endowed with a photon sphere. On the one hand, we show that close to the photon sphere, a massless scalar field theory exhibits a simple dynamical…
Inspired by Le Calvez' theory of transverse foliations for dynamical systems of surfaces, we introduce a dynamical invariant, denoted by N, for Hamiltonians of any surface other than the sphere. When the surface is the plane or is closed…
In this paper, enlightened by the definition of the photon surface given by Claudel, Virbhadra and Ellis, we give a quasi-local definition of the particle surface. From this definition, one can study the evolution of the circular orbits in…
A static, spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat spacetime may allow for circular, closed null-geodesics which are said to belong to a photon sphere. In the context of gravitational lensing in the strong deflection regime, the presence…
The sonic point/photon surface correspondence is thoroughly investigated in a general setting. First, we investigate a sonic point of a transonic steady perfect fluid flow in a general stationary spacetime, particularly focusing on the…