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As the development of autonomous driving (AD) and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) progresses, the relevance of the comfort of users is gaining increasing interest. It becomes significant to test and validate perceived comfort…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-08-24 Felix Bognar , Markus Oster , Herman Van der Auweraer , Tong Duy Son

High-level Autonomous Driving Systems (ADSs), such as Google Waymo and Baidu Apollo, typically rely on multi-sensor fusion (MSF) based approaches to perceive their surroundings. This strategy increases perception robustness by combining the…

For high-stakes applications, like autonomous driving, a safe operation is necessary to prevent harm, accidents, and failures. Traditionally, difficult scenarios have been categorized into corner cases and addressed individually. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Sebastian Schmidt , Julius Körner , Stephan Günnemann

Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) i.e., self-driving cars, operate in a safety critical domain, since errors in the autonomous driving software can lead to huge losses. Statistically, road intersections which are a part of the AVs operational…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-06 Zaid Tahir , Rob Alexander

The capability to follow a lead-vehicle and avoid rear-end collisions is one of the most important functionalities for human drivers and various Advanced Driver Assist Systems (ADAS). Existing safety performance justification of the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Bowen Weng , Minghao Zhu , Keith Redmill

Autonomous racing offers a rigorous setting to stress test perception, planning, and control under high speed and uncertainty. This paper proposes an approach to design and evaluate a software stack for an autonomous race car in CARLA: Car…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joseph Abdo , Aditya Shibu , Moaiz Saeed , Abdul Maajid Aga , Apsara Sivaprazad , Mohamed Al-Musleh

Virtual testing of automated driving systems (ADS) has become an essential part of testing procedures for all automation levels. As ADS from automation level 3 and up are very complex, virtual testing for such systems is inevitable. The…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-26 Demin Nalic , Aleksa Pandurevic , Arno Eichberger , Branko Rogic

Simulation is an indispensable tool in the development and testing of autonomous vehicles (AVs), offering an efficient and safe alternative to road testing. An outstanding challenge with simulation-based testing is the generation of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Peide Huang , Wenhao Ding , Benjamin Stoler , Jonathan Francis , Bingqing Chen , Ding Zhao

We present a novel method for testing the safety of self-driving vehicles in simulation. We propose an alternative to sensor simulation, as sensor simulation is expensive and has large domain gaps. Instead, we directly simulate the outputs…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-08-14 Kelvin Wong , Qiang Zhang , Ming Liang , Bin Yang , Renjie Liao , Abbas Sadat , Raquel Urtasun

Open-world perception aims to develop a model adaptable to novel domains and various sensor configurations and can understand uncommon objects and corner cases. However, current research lacks sufficiently comprehensive open-world 3D…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhongyu Xia , Jishuo Li , Zhiwei Lin , Xinhao Wang , Yongtao Wang , Ming-Hsuan Yang

To guarantee the safety and reliability of autonomous vehicle (AV) systems, corner cases play a crucial role in exploring the system's behavior under rare and challenging conditions within simulation environments. However, current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Qiujing Lu , Meng Ma , Ximiao Dai , Xuanhan Wang , Shuo Feng

Developing safety and efficiency applications for Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs) require a great deal of testing and evaluation. The need for the operation of these systems in critical and dangerous situations makes the burden of…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Ahura Jami , Mahdi Razzaghpour , Hussein Alnuweiri , Yaser P. Fallah

Safety testing serves as the fundamental pillar for the development of autonomous driving systems (ADSs). To ensure the safety of ADSs, it is paramount to generate a diverse range of safety-critical test scenarios. While existing ADS…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Haoxiang Tian , Xingshuo Han , Yuan Zhou , Guoquan Wu , An Guo , Mingfei Cheng , Shuo Li , Jun Wei , Tianwei Zhang

Automated Driving Systems (ADS) have made great achievements in recent years thanks to the efforts from both academia and industry. A typical ADS is composed of multiple modules, including sensing, perception, planning, and control, which…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Shuncheng Tang , Zhenya Zhang , Yi Zhang , Jixiang Zhou , Yan Guo , Shuang Liu , Shengjian Guo , Yan-Fu Li , Lei Ma , Yinxing Xue , Yang Liu

Despite recent advances in autonomous driving systems, accidents such as the fatal Uber crash in 2018 show these systems are still susceptible to edge cases. Such systems must be thoroughly tested and validated before being deployed in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Shreyas Ramakrishna , Baiting Luo , Christopher Kuhn , Gabor Karsai , Abhishek Dubey

Search-based testing is critical for evaluating the safety and reliability of autonomous driving systems (ADSs). However, existing approaches are often built on heterogeneous frameworks (e.g., distinct scenario spaces, simulators, and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Mingfei Cheng , Lionel Briand , Yuan Zhou

Perception sensors, particularly camera and Lidar, are key elements of Autonomous Driving Systems (ADS) that enable them to comprehend their surroundings to informed driving and control decisions. Therefore, developing realistic simulation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Hamed Haghighi , Xiaomeng Wang , Hao Jing , Mehrdad Dianati

Contemporary deep-learning object detection methods for autonomous driving usually assume prefixed categories of common traffic participants, such as pedestrians and cars. Most existing detectors are unable to detect uncommon objects and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Kaican Li , Kai Chen , Haoyu Wang , Lanqing Hong , Chaoqiang Ye , Jianhua Han , Yukuai Chen , Wei Zhang , Chunjing Xu , Dit-Yan Yeung , Xiaodan Liang , Zhenguo Li , Hang Xu

Driver behavior profiling is one of the main issues in the insurance industries and fleet management, thus being able to classify the driver behavior with low-cost mobile applications remains in the spotlight of autonomous driving. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-07 Sarra Ben Brahim , Hakim Ghazzai , Hichem Besbes , Yehia Massoud

Automated driving has become a major topic of interest not only in the active research community but also in mainstream media reports. Visual perception of such intelligent vehicles has experienced large progress in the last decade thanks…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Jasmin Breitenstein , Jan-Aike Termöhlen , Daniel Lipinski , Tim Fingscheidt