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Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) have been proposed as an alternative solution to the scalability, throughput, and cost overhead problems associated with blockchain transactions. By facilitating offchain execution of transactions, PCNs…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Kartick Kolachala , Mohammed Ababneh , Roopa Vishwanathan

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising technology that alleviates blockchain scalability by shifting the transaction load from the blockchain to the PCN. Nevertheless, the network topology has to be carefully designed to maximise…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Krishnendu Chatterjee , Jan Matyáš Křišťan , Stefan Schmid , Jakub Svoboda , Michelle Yeo

Payment channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network offer an appealing solution to the scalability problem faced by many cryptocurrencies operating on a blockchain such as Bitcoin. However, PCNs also inherit the stringent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-01-20 Philipp Zabka , Klaus-Tycho Foerster , Stefan Schmid , Christian Decker

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising technology to improve the scalability of cryptocurrencies. PCNs, however, face the challenge that the frequent usage of certain routes may deplete channels in one direction, and hence prevent…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Mahsa Bastankhah , Krishnendu Chatterjee , Mohammad Ali Maddah-Ali , Stefan Schmid , Jakub Svoboda , Michelle Yeo

Payment channel network (PCN) is a layer-two scaling solution that enables fast off-chain transactions but does not involve on-chain transaction settlement. PCNs raise new privacy issues including balance secrecy, relationship anonymity and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-08-23 Wenxuan Yu , Minghui Xu , Dongxiao Yu , Xiuzhen Cheng , Qin Hu , Zehui Xiong

Blockchain technology has revolutionized the way transactions are executed, but scalability remains a major challenge. Payment Channel Network (PCN), as a Layer-2 scaling solution, has been proposed to address this issue. However, skewed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Minghui Xu , Wenxuan Yu , Guangyong Shang , Guangpeng Qi , Dongliang Duan , Shan Wang , Kun Li , Yue Zhang , Xiuzhen Cheng

Payment channels effectively move the transaction load off-chain thereby successfully addressing the inherent scalability problem most cryptocurrencies face. A major drawback of payment channels is the need to ``top up'' funds on-chain when…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Zeta Avarikioti , Krzysztof Pietrzak , Iosif Salem , Stefan Schmid , Samarth Tiwari , Michelle Yeo

Payment channel networks (PCNs) have emerged as a scalability solution for blockchains built on the concept of a payment channel: a setting that allows two nodes to safely transact between themselves in high frequencies based on…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-04-01 Nikolaos Papadis , Leandros Tassiulas

Payment channel is a class of techniques designed to solve the scalability problem of blockchain. By establishing channels off the blockchain to form payment channel networks (PCNs), users can make instant payments without interacting with…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2022-10-14 Wenhui Wang , Ke Mu , Xuetao Wei

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are viewed as one of the most promising scalability solutions for cryptocurrencies today. Roughly, PCNs are networks where each node represents a user and each directed, weighted edge represents funds…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-10-22 Weizhao Tang , Weina Wang , Giulia Fanti , Sewoong Oh

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising approach to making cryptocurrency transactions faster and more scalable. At their core, PCNs bypass the blockchain by routing transactions through intermediary channels. However, a channel can…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Marcin Bienkowski , Julien Dallot , Dominik Danelski , Maciej Pacut , Stefan Schmid

Payment channel networks (PCNs) are a promising solution to the scalability problem of cryptocurrencies. Any two users connected by a payment channel in the network can theoretically send an unbounded number of instant, costless…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Zeta Avarikioti , Tomasz Lizurej , Tomasz Michalak , Michelle Yeo

Payment Channel Networks (PCNs) are a method for improving the scaling and latency of cryptocurrency transactions. For a payment to be made between two peers in a PCN, a feasible low-fee path in the network must be planned. Many PCN path…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Padraig Corcoran , Rhyd Lewis

The Lightning Network (LN) is a prominent payment channel network aimed at addressing Bitcoin's scalability issues. Due to the privacy of channel balances, senders cannot reliably choose sufficiently liquid payment paths and resort to a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-16 Rene Pickhardt , Sergei Tikhomirov , Alex Biryukov , Mariusz Nowostawski

Despite growing adoption of cryptocurrencies, making fast payments at scale remains a challenge. Payment channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network have emerged as a viable scaling solution. However, completing payments on PCNs…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2020-03-24 Vibhaalakshmi Sivaraman , Shaileshh Bojja Venkatakrishnan , Kathy Ruan , Parimarjan Negi , Lei Yang , Radhika Mittal , Mohammad Alizadeh , Giulia Fanti

Public blockchains inherently offer low throughput and high latency, motivating off-chain scalability solutions such as Payment Channel Networks (PCNs). However, existing PCNs suffer from liquidity fragmentation-funds locked in one channel…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Ayush Nainwal , Atharva Kamble , Nitin Awathare

The Bitcoin Lightning Network is a Layer 2 payment protocol that addresses Bitcoin's scalability by facilitating quick and cost effective transactions through payment channels. This research explores the feasibility of using machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Vincent Davis , Emanuele Rossi , Vikash Singh

Cryptocurrencies redefined how money can be stored and transferred among users. However, independent of the amount being sent, public blockchain-based cryptocurrencies suffer from high transaction waiting times and fees. These drawbacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Enes Erdin , Suat Mercan , Kemal Akkaya

Crypto-assets and central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) are reshaping how value is exchanged in distributed computing environments. These systems combine cryptographic primitives, protocol design, and system architectures to provide…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Matteo Nardelli , Francesco De Sclavis , Michela Iezzi

Payment channel networks (PCNs) have been designed and utilized to address the scalability challenge and throughput limitation of blockchains. Routing is a core problem of PCNs. An ideal PCN routing method needs to achieve 1) high…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-09-27 Xiaoxue Zhang , Shouqian Shi , Chen Qian
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