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Quantum noise in real-world devices poses a significant challenge in achieving practical quantum advantage, since accurately compiled and executed circuits are typically deep and highly susceptible to decoherence. To facilitate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-13 Yuchen Guo , Shuo Yang

Due to the unreliability and limited capacity of existing quantum computer prototypes, quantum circuit simulation continues to be a vital tool for validating next generation quantum computers and for studying variational quantum algorithms,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-01 Yipeng Huang , Steven Holtzen , Todd Millstein , Guy Van den Broeck , Margaret Martonosi

Despite the continuous advancements in size and robustness of real quantum devices, reliable large-scale quantum computers are not yet available. Hence, classical simulation of quantum algorithms remains crucial for testing new methods and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-28 Laura S. Herzog , Lukas Burgholzer , Christian Ufrecht , Daniel D. Scherer , Robert Wille

It is imperative that useful quantum computers be very difficult to simulate classically; otherwise classical computers could be used for the applications envisioned for the quantum ones. Perfect quantum computers are unarguably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-26 Yiqing Zhou , E. Miles Stoudenmire , Xavier Waintal

Hybrid classical-quantum algorithms aim at variationally solving optimisation problems, using a feedback loop between a classical computer and a quantum co-processor, while benefitting from quantum resources. Here we present experiments…

Noise in existing quantum processors only enables an approximation to ideal quantum computation. However, these approximations can be vastly improved by error mitigation, for the computation of expectation values, as shown by small-scale…

Quantum computing is greatly advanced in recent years and is expected to transform the computation paradigm in the near future. Quantum circuit simulation plays a key role in the toolchain for the development of quantum hardware and…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2020-07-21 Yuan-Hung Tsai , Jie-Hong R. Jiang , Chiao-Shan Jhang

Simulating real-time dynamics of gauge theories represents a paradigmatic use case to test the hardware capabilities of a quantum computer, since it can involve non-trivial input states preparation, discretized time evolution, long-distance…

We present a general framework for simulating quantum systems in the Heisenberg picture on quantum hardware. Based on the vectorization map, our framework fully exploits the mapping between operators and quantum states, allowing any task…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Shao-Hen Chiew , Armando Angrisani , Zoë Holmes , Giuseppe Carleo

In this work, we develop a highly efficient representation of functions and differential operators based on Fourier analysis. Using this representation, we create a variational hybrid quantum algorithm to solve static, Schr\"odinger-type,…

Near term quantum computers with a high quantity (around 50) and quality (around 0.995 fidelity for two-qubit gates) of qubits will approximately sample from certain probability distributions beyond the capabilities of known classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-01-23 Sergio Boixo , Sergei V. Isakov , Vadim N. Smelyanskiy , Hartmut Neven

Quantum computing is a game-changing technology for global academia, research centers and industries including computational science, mathematics, finance, pharmaceutical, materials science, chemistry and cryptography. Although it has seen…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-07 He-Liang Huang , Xiao-Yue Xu , Chu Guo , Guojing Tian , Shi-Jie Wei , Xiaoming Sun , Wan-Su Bao , Gui-Lu Long

Quantum computing gives direct access to the study of real-time dynamics of quantum many-body systems. In principle, it is possible to directly calculate non-equal-time correlation functions, from which one can detect interesting phenomena,…

Quantum circuit simulators running on classical computers offer a vital platform for designing, testing, and optimizing quantum algorithms, driving innovation despite limited access to real quantum hardware. However, their scalability is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-29 Gleb Kalachev , Pavel Mosharev , Zuoheng Zou , Pavel Panteleev , Man-Hong Yung

We propose using variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) to simulate established quantum algorithms under realistic noise conditions, aiming to surpass the fidelity of theoretical circuits in noisy environments. Focusing on the Quantum…

The study of out-of-equilibrium quantum many-body dynamics remains one of the most exciting research frontiers of physics, standing at the crossroads of our understanding of complex quantum phenomena and the realization of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-24 Matteo D'Anna , Yuxuan Zhang , Roeland Wiersema , Manuel S. Rudolph , Juan Carrasquilla

We present a comprehensive study of quantum simulation methods and quantum simulators for classical computers. We first study an exhaustive set of 150+ simulators and quantum libraries. Then, we short-list the simulators that are actively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-29 Kieran Young , Marcus Scese , Ali Ebnenasir

Simulating noisy quantum circuits is vital in designing and verifying quantum algorithms in the current NISQ (Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum) era, where quantum noise is unavoidable. However, it is much more inefficient than the classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Mingyu Huang , Ji Guan , Wang Fang , Mingsheng Ying

Noisy quantum simulation is challenging since one has to take into account the stochastic nature of the process. The dominating method for it is the density matrix approach. In this paper, we evaluate conditions for which this method is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-31 William Berquist , Danylo Lykov , Minzhao Liu , Yuri Alexeev

Quantum simulation has begun to penetrate the field of quantum chemistry in hopes of efficiently calculating ground state energies and approximating real-time evolution. With modern research highlighting nonadiabatic dynamics, tunably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-08 Joshua M. Courtney , P. C. Stancil