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The emergence of grid-forming (GFM) inverter technology and the increasing role of machine learning in power systems highlight the need for evaluating the latest dynamic simulators. Open-source simulators offer distinct advantages in this…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-12 Tong Su , Jiangkai Peng , Alaa Selim , Junbo Zhao , Jin Tan

The grid-forming converter is an important unit in the future power system with more inverter-interfaced generators. However, improving its performance is still a key challenge. This paper proposes a generalized architecture of the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-04-14 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

We present a novel, integrated control framework designed to achieve seamless transitions among a spectrum of inverter operation modes. The operation spectrum includes grid-forming (GFM), grid-following (GFL), static synchronous compensator…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

The inherent control switching of renewable energy sources (RESs) during intricate transient processes introduces complexity to the dynamic behavior of modern power systems. This paper reveals the dynamic coupling between grid-forming…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Ruiyuan Zeng , Ruisheng Diao , Fangyuan Sun , Wangqianyun Tang , Junjie Li , Baorong Zhou

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a universally accepted definition of GFM behavior and precise method for its quantification remain…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Liangxiao Luo , Xiaoying Liu , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

This paper compares the impact of different conventional and emerging technologies and control strategies on frequency quality. We study, in particular, the long-term dynamic performance of grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL)…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Taulant Kerci , Federico Milano

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

Grid-forming (GFM) technology is widely regarded as a promising solution for future power systems dominated by power electronics. However, a precise method for quantifying GFM converter behavior and a universally accepted GFM definition…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-24 Kehao Zhuang , Huanhai Xin , Verena Häberle , Xiuqiang He , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

The converter control functions to provide the capabilities similar to synchronous generators are referred to as grid forming converters (GFC). Identical to a synchronous machine, a grid forming converter is expected to behave as a voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-21 Kanakesh Vatta Kkuni , Sibin Mohan , Guangya Yang , Wilsun Xu

This paper investigates power swing characteristics of grid-forming voltage source converter (GFM-VSC) systems considering the current limitation mode in both non-inertial and inertial GFM-VSC systems. Following grid faults, non-inertial…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-17 Yongxin Xiong , Heng Wu , Yifei Li , Xiongfei Wang

Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

This paper investigates how grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) control strategies in inverter-based resources (IBRs) influence line distance and differential protection in converter-dominated transmission systems. A modified IEEE…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-27 Andrés E. Quintero , Vinícius A. Lacerda , Oriol Gomis-Bellmunt , Moisés J. B. B. Davi , Mario Oleskovicz

This paper presents an extensive framework focused on the control design, along with stability and performance analysis, of Grid-Following Inverters (GFL). It aims to ensure their effective operation under both stiff and weak grid…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-01-26 Alireza Askarian , Jaesang Park , Srinivasa Salapaka

Challenges and opportunities coexist in microgrids as a result of emerging large-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) and advanced control techniques. In this paper, a comprehensive review of microgrid control is presented with its…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-07 Buxin She , Fangxing Li , Hantao Cui , Jingqiu Zhang , Rui Bo

With the rapid adoption of emerging inverter-based resources, it is crucial to understand their dynamic interactions across the network and ensure stability. This paper proposes a systematic and efficient method to determine the optimal…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-23 Sushobhan Chatterjee , Sijia Geng

The classic design of grid-forming control strategies for power converters rely on the stringent assumption of the timescale separation between DC and AC states and their corresponding control loops, e.g., AC and DC loops, power and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-05 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Ali Tayyebi , Eduardo Prieto-Araujo , Florian Dörfler , Frede Blaabjerg

This paper studies control interactions between grid-forming (GFM) converters exhibited by power and frequency oscillations in a weakly connected offshore wind power plant (WPP). Two GFM controls are considered, namely virtual synchronous…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-15 Sulav Ghimire , Kanakesh V. Kkuni , Gabriel M. G. Guerreiro , Emerson D. Guest , Kim H. Jensen , Guangya Yang

Stability of power grids with synchronous generators (SGs) and renewable generation interfaced with grid-forming converters (GFCs) under dc-side current limitation is studied. To that end, we first consider a simple 2-bus test system and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-03 Sayan Samanta , Nilanjan Ray Chaudhuri

One of the methodologies that carry out the division of the electrical grid into zones is based on the aggregation of nodes characterized by similar Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs). Here, we point out that satisfactory…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2014-08-07 Michal Klos , Karol Wawrzyniak , Marcin Jakubek , Grzegorz Orynczak