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The demand for quality in mobile applications has increased greatly given users' high reliance on them for daily tasks. Developers work tirelessly to ensure that their applications are both functional and user-friendly. In pursuit of this,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Safwat Ali Khan

Existing Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents operate through step-by-step calls to vision language models--taking a screenshot, reasoning about the next action, executing it, then repeating on the new page--resulting in high costs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Hongbin Zhong , Fazle Faisal , Luis França , Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa , Adriana Szekeres , Kexin Rong , Suman Nath

Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are central to our interaction with digital devices and growing efforts have been made to build models for various GUI understanding tasks. However, these efforts largely overlook an important GUI-referring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Yue Fan , Lei Ding , Ching-Chen Kuo , Shan Jiang , Yang Zhao , Xinze Guan , Jie Yang , Yi Zhang , Xin Eric Wang

Contemporary GUI agents, while increasingly capable due to advances in Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs), often operate with a critical limitation: they treat each task in isolation, lacking a mechanism to systematically learn from past…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Runze Li , Yuwen Zhai , Bo Xu , LiWu Xu , Nian Shi , Wei Zhang , Ran Lin , Liang Wang

The existing Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) for GUI perception have made great progress. However, the following challenges still exist in prior methods: 1) They model discrete coordinates based on text autoregressive mechanism,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Hongyi Jing , Jiafu Chen , Chen Rao , Ziqiang Dang , Jiajie Teng , Tianyi Chu , Juncheng Mo , Shuo Fang , Huaizhong Lin , Rui Lv , Chenguang Ma , Lei Zhao

Pursuing human-like interaction for Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents requires understanding the GUI context and following user instructions. However, existing works typically couple these two aspects and focus more on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Huawen Shen , Chang Liu , Gengluo Li , Xinlong Wang , Yu Zhou , Can Ma , Xiangyang Ji

Mobile GUI agents excel at immediate reactive control but frequently fail in realistic, long-horizon tasks that require memory. This failure stems from a fundamental conflict between limited context windows and token-heavy screenshots. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Junyang Wang , Haiyang Xu , Xi Zhang , Zhaoqing Zhu , Ming Yan , Jieping Ye , Jitao Sang

Representing the semantics of GUI screens and components is crucial to data-driven computational methods for modeling user-GUI interactions and mining GUI designs. Existing GUI semantic representations are limited to encoding either the…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Toby Jia-Jun Li , Lindsay Popowski , Tom M. Mitchell , Brad A. Myers

The rapid advancement of large Vision-Language Models (VLMs) has propelled the development of pure-vision-based GUI Agents, capable of perceiving and operating Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) to autonomously fulfill user instructions.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Chenyu Yang , Shiqian Su , Shi Liu , Xuan Dong , Yue Yu , Weijie Su , Xuehui Wang , Zhaoyang Liu , Jinguo Zhu , Hao Li , Wenhai Wang , Yu Qiao , Xizhou Zhu , Jifeng Dai

Recent popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened countless possibilities in automating numerous AI tasks by connecting LLMs to various domain-specific models or APIs, where LLMs serve as dispatchers while domain-specific models…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Zhizheng Zhang , Wenxuan Xie , Xiaoyi Zhang , Yan Lu

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, driven by Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have emerged as a promising paradigm for enabling intelligent interaction with digital systems. This paper provides a structured survey of recent…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Jiahao Li , Kaer Huang

The advent of Multimodal LLMs has significantly enhanced image OCR recognition capabilities, making GUI automation a viable reality for increasing efficiency in digital tasks. One fundamental aspect of developing a GUI automation system is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Qinchen Wu , Difei Gao , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Zhuoyu Wu , Xiangwu Guo , Peiran Li , Weichen Zhang , Hengxu Wang , Mike Zheng Shou

Large vision-language models have endowed GUI agents with strong general capabilities for interface understanding and interaction. However, due to insufficient exposure to domain-specific software operation data during training, these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Rui Xie , Zhi Gao , Chenrui Shi , Zirui Shang , Lu Chen , Qing Li

GUI grounding is a critical capability for enabling GUI agents to execute tasks such as clicking and dragging. However, in complex scenarios like the ScreenSpot-Pro benchmark, existing models often suffer from suboptimal performance.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Borui Zhang , Bo Zhang , Bo Wang , Wenzhao Zheng , Yuhao Cheng , Liang Tang , Yiqiang Yan , Jie Zhou , Jiwen Lu

Mobile GUI agents powered by large language models have progressed rapidly, creating urgent needs for realistic and comprehensive evaluation. Existing benchmarks prioritize reproducibility but are often limited to open-source apps or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Guohong Liu , Jialei Ye , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan , Yunxin Liu , Yuanchun Li

GUI agents drive applications through their visual interfaces instead of programmatic APIs, interacting with arbitrary software via taps, swipes, and keystrokes, reaching a long tail of applications that CLI-based agents cannot. Yet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Fei Tang , Zhiqiong Lu , Boxuan Zhang , Weiming Lu , Jun Xiao , Yueting Zhuang , Yongliang Shen

GUI agents are rapidly becoming a new interaction to software, allowing people to navigate web, desktop and mobile rather than execute them click by click. Yet ``agent'' is described with radically different degrees of autonomy, obscuring…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Sidong Feng , Chunyang Chen

App agents, which autonomously operate mobile Apps through Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), have gained significant interest in real-world applications. Yet, they often struggle with long-horizon planning, failing to find the optimal…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Dezhao Luo , Bohan Tang , Kang Li , Georgios Papoudakis , Jifei Song , Shaogang Gong , Jianye Hao , Jun Wang , Kun Shao

Teleoperation emerged as a promising fallback for situations beyond the capabilities of automated vehicles. Nevertheless, teleoperation still faces challenges, such as reduced situational awareness. Since situational awareness is primarily…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-01 Maria-Magdalena Wolf , Henrik Schmidt , Michael Christl , Jana Fank , Frank Diermeyer

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents possess significant commercial and social value, and GUI agents powered by advanced multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential. Currently, existing GUI agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Weizhi Chen , Ziwei Wang , Leyang Yang , Sheng Zhou , Xiaoxuan Tang , Jiajun Bu , Yong Li , Wei Jiang