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This paper considers the identification of dynamic treatment effects with panel data, in complex designs where the treatment may not be binary and may not be absorbing. We first show that under no-anticipation and parallel-trends…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-23 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

We study the design of multi-armed parallel group clinical trials to estimate personalized treatment rules that identify the best treatment for a given patient with given covariates. Assuming that the outcomes in each treatment arm are…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2022-07-13 David Azriel , Yosef Rinott , Martin Posch

This paper considers identifying and estimating the Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) when untreated potential outcomes are generated by an interactive fixed effects model. That is, in addition to time-period and individual…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-02-15 Brantly Callaway , Sonia Karami

We consider the problem of learning an optimal prescriptive tree (i.e., an interpretable treatment assignment policy in the form of a binary tree) of moderate depth, from observational data. This problem arises in numerous socially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-25 Nathanael Jo , Sina Aghaei , Andrés Gómez , Phebe Vayanos

Adaptive therapy improves cancer treatment by controlling the competition between sensitive and resistant cells through treatment holidays. This study highlights the critical role of treatment-holiday thresholds in adaptive therapy for…

Other Quantitative Biology · Quantitative Biology 2025-07-15 Lanfei Sun , Haifeng Zhang , Kai Kang , Xiaoxin Wang , Leyi Zhang , Yanan Cai , Changjing Zhuge , Lei Zhang

As the COVID-19 pandemic progresses, researchers are reporting findings of randomized trials comparing standard care with care augmented by experimental drugs. The trials have small sample sizes, so estimates of treatment effects are…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-06-02 Charles F. Manski , Aleksey Tetenov

We develop a prediction-based prescriptive model for learning optimal personalized treatments for patients based on their Electronic Health Records (EHRs). Our approach consists of: (i) predicting future outcomes under each possible therapy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-12-06 Ruidi Chen , Ioannis Paschalidis

In this paper, we explore optimal treatment allocation policies that target distributional welfare. Most literature on treatment choice has considered utilitarian welfare based on the conditional average treatment effect (ATE). While…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-30 Yifan Cui , Sukjin Han

Stabilized dynamic treatment regimes are sequential decision rules for individual patients that not only adaptive throughout the disease progression but also remain consistent over time in format. The estimation of stabilized dynamic…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-05 Ying-Qi Zhao , Ruoqing Zhu , Guanhua Chen , Yingye Zheng

The field of precision medicine aims to tailor treatment based on patient-specific factors in a reproducible way. To this end, estimating an optimal individualized treatment regime (ITR) that recommends treatment decisions based on patient…

We propose a difference-in-differences (DiD) framework designed for time-varying continuous treatments across multiple periods. Specifically, we estimate the average treatment effect on the treated (ATET) by comparing distinct non-zero…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-16 Michel F. C. Haddad , Martin Huber , José Eduardo Medina-Reyes , Lucas Z. Zhang

We consider identification and inference for the average treatment effect and heterogeneous treatment effect conditional on observable covariates in the presence of unmeasured confounding. Since point identification of these treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-04 Kan Chen , Jeffrey Zhang , Bingkai Wang , Dylan S. Small

When to initiate treatment on patients is an important problem in many medical studies such as AIDS and cancer. In this article, we formulate the treatment initiation time problem for time-to-event data and propose an optimal individualized…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-09-30 Xin Chen , Rui Song , Jiajia Zhang , Swann Arp Adams , Liuquan Sun , Wenbin Lu

A dynamic treatment regimen (DTR) is a set of decision rules to personalize treatments for an individual using their medical history. The Q-learning-based Q-shared algorithm has been used to develop DTRs that involve decision rules shared…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-12-05 Palash Ghosh , Xinru Wang , Trikay Nalamada , Shruti Agarwal , Maria Jahja , Bibhas Chakraborty

Existing strategies for determining the optimal treatment or monitoring strategy typically assume unlimited access to resources. However, when a health system has resource constraints, such as limited funds, access to medication, or…

Applications · Statistics 2019-03-18 Ellen C Caniglia , Eleanor J Murray , Miguel A Hernan , Zach Shahn

The current work is motivated by the need for robust statistical methods for precision medicine; as such, we address the need for statistical methods that provide actionable inference for a single unit at any point in time. We aim to learn…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2021-07-02 Ivana Malenica , Aurelien Bibaut , Mark J. van der Laan

The Average Treatment Effect on the Treated (ATT) is a common causal parameter defined as the average effect of a binary treatment among the subset of the population receiving treatment. We propose a novel family of parameters, Generalized…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-28 Herbert Susmann , Nicholas T. Williams , Kara E. Rudolph , Iván Díaz

Clinical trials usually target average treatment effects, but treatment decisions are made for individuals. This tension motivates a common criticism of evidence-based medicine: a treatment that is beneficial on average may be inappropriate…

Applications · Statistics 2026-05-29 Zach Shahn , Mats Stensrud

Individualized treatment rule (ITR) recommends treatment on the basis of individual patient characteristics and the previous history of applied treatments and their outcomes. Despite the fact there are many ways to estimate ITR with binary…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-08-15 Pavel Shvechikov , Evgeniy Riabenko

We study the problem of inferring heterogeneous treatment effects from time-to-event data. While both the related problems of (i) estimating treatment effects for binary or continuous outcomes and (ii) predicting survival outcomes have been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-25 Alicia Curth , Changhee Lee , Mihaela van der Schaar