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The lack of explainability of a decision from an Artificial Intelligence (AI) based "black box" system/model, despite its superiority in many real-world applications, is a key stumbling block for adopting AI in many high stakes applications…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Sheikh Rabiul Islam , William Eberle , Sheikh Khaled Ghafoor , Mohiuddin Ahmed

The increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) in sensitive domains such as healthcare, finance, and public policy has raised concerns about the transparency of automated decisions. Explainable AI (XAI) addresses this by clarifying how models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Natalia Abarca , Andrés Carvallo , Claudia López Moncada , Felipe Bravo-Marquez

Why do explainable AI (XAI) explanations in radiology, despite their promise of transparency, still fail to gain human trust? Current XAI approaches provide justification for predictions, however, these do not meet practitioners' needs.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Robert Kaufman , David Kirsh

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has re-emerged in response to the development of modern AI and ML systems. These systems are complex and sometimes biased, but they nevertheless make decisions that impact our lives. XAI systems are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Shane T. Mueller , Elizabeth S. Veinott , Robert R. Hoffman , Gary Klein , Lamia Alam , Tauseef Mamun , William J. Clancey

Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning and deep learning models, has significantly impacted bioinformatics research by offering powerful tools for analyzing complex biological data. However, the lack of interpretability…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Zhongliang Zhou , Mengxuan Hu , Mariah Salcedo , Nathan Gravel , Wayland Yeung , Aarya Venkat , Dongliang Guo , Jielu Zhang , Natarajan Kannan , Sheng Li

Artificial intelligence (AI) is becoming increasingly more popular and can be found in workplaces and homes around the world. The decisions made by such "black box" systems are often opaque; that is, so complex as to be functionally…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-05-27 Rob Geada , Tommaso Teofili , Rui Vieira , Rebecca Whitworth , Daniele Zonca

In this critical survey, we analyze typical claims on the relationship between explainable AI (XAI) and fairness to disentangle the multidimensional relationship between these two concepts. Based on a systematic literature review and a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Luca Deck , Jakob Schoeffer , Maria De-Arteaga , Niklas Kühl

Research in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is increasing, aiming to make deep learning models more transparent. Most XAI methods focus on justifying the decisions made by Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems in security-relevant…

With recent progress in the field of Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) and increasing use in practice, the need for an evaluation of different XAI methods and their explanation quality in practical usage scenarios arises. For this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-02-15 Marc Hanussek , Falko Kötter , Maximilien Kintz , Jens Drawehn

Explainable AI has become a common term in the literature, scrutinized by computer scientists and statisticians and highlighted by psychological or philosophical researchers. One major effort many researchers tackle is constructing general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Carina Newen , Daniel Bodemer , Sonja Glantz , Emmanuel Müller , Magdalena Wischnewski , Lenka Schnaubert

Black-box nature of Artificial Intelligence (AI) models do not allow users to comprehend and sometimes trust the output created by such model. In AI applications, where not only the results but also the decision paths to the results are…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ibrahim Kok , Feyza Yildirim Okay , Ozgecan Muyanli , Suat Ozdemir

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) has emerged as a pillar of Trustworthy AI and aims to bring transparency in complex models that are opaque by nature. Despite the benefits of incorporating explanations in models, an urgent need is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Sonal Allana , Mohan Kankanhalli , Rozita Dara

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods are intended to help human users better understand the decision making of an AI agent. However, many modern XAI approaches are unintuitive to end users, particularly those without prior AI…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-09 Faraz Khadivpour , Arghasree Banerjee , Matthew Guzdial

EXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) is a vibrant research topic in the artificial intelligence community, with growing interest across methods and domains. Much has been written about the subject, yet XAI still lacks shared…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Rizzo , Alberto Veneri , Andrea Albarelli , Claudio Lucchese , Marco Nobile , Cristina Conati

The evaluation of eXplainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) methods is a rapidly growing field, characterized by a wide variety of approaches. This diversity highlights the complexity of the XAI evaluation, which, unlike traditional AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Miquel Miró-Nicolau , Gabriel Moyà-Alcover , Anna Arias-Duart

Research into explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) for data analysis tasks suffer from a large number of contradictions and lack of concrete design recommendations stemming from gaps in understanding the tasks that require AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hamzah Ziadeh , Hendrik Knoche

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) aims to make machine learning models transparent and trustworthy, yet most current approaches communicate explanations visually or through text. This paper introduces an information theoretic…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Mona Rajhans , Vishal Khawarey

Decision processes of computer vision models - especially deep neural networks - are opaque in nature, meaning that these decisions cannot be understood by humans. Thus, over the last years, many methods to provide human-understandable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Benjamin Fresz , Lena Lörcher , Marco Huber

AI is becoming increasingly common across different domains. However, as sophisticated AI-based systems are often black-boxed, rendering the decision-making logic opaque, users find it challenging to comply with their recommendations.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Niklas Kühl , Christian Meske , Maximilian Nitsche , Jodie Lobana

Explainability is becoming an important requirement for organizations that make use of automated decision-making due to regulatory initiatives and a shift in public awareness. Various and significantly different algorithmic methods to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-12 Tom Vermeire , Thibault Laugel , Xavier Renard , David Martens , Marcin Detyniecki
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