Related papers: Attack tree metrics are operad algebras

Quasi-trees generalize trees in that the unique "path" between two nodes may be infinite and have any countable order type. They are used to define the rank-width of a countable graph in such a way that it is equal to the least upper-bound…

Deep neural networks (DNNs) can be easily fooled by adding human imperceptible perturbations to the images. These perturbed images are known as `adversarial examples' and pose a serious threat to security and safety critical systems. A…

The success of a security attack crucially depends on time: the more time available to the attacker, the higher the probability of a successful attack. Formalisms such as Reliability block diagrams, Reliability graphs and Attack…

The MITRE ATT&CK framework, a comprehensive knowledge base of adversary tactics and techniques, has been widely adopted by the cybersecurity industry as well as by academic researchers. Its broad range of industry applications include…

Property inference attacks reveal statistical properties about a training set but are difficult to distinguish from the primary purposes of statistical machine learning, which is to produce models that capture statistical properties about a…

In various subjects including mathematics, one can hope to use mathematical thinking well when the right kinds of algebraic structure to consider can be discovered or spotted. Therefore, it would help to understand kinds of algebraic…

Metric algebras are metric variants of $\Sigma$-algebras. They are first introduced in the field of universal algebra to deal with algebras equipped with metric structures such as normed vector spaces. Recently a similar notion of…

Many machine learning models can be attacked with adversarial examples, i.e. inputs close to correctly classified examples that are classified incorrectly. However, most research on adversarial attacks to date is limited to vectorial data,…

A metric tree ($M$, $d$), also known as $\mathbb{R}$-trees or $T$-theory, is a metric space such that between any two points there is an unique arc and that arc is isometric to an interval in $\mathbb{R}$. In this paper after presenting…

We present a mathematical setting for attack-defense trees, a classic graphical model to specify attacks and countermeasures. We equip attack-defense trees with (trace) language semantics allowing to have an original dynamic interpretation…

In this work we define a metric structure to compare functions defined on different merge trees. The metric introduced possesses some stability properties, which we illustrate within a standard topological data analysis (TDA) framework, and…

With AI-based software becoming widely available, the risk of exploiting its capabilities, such as high automation and complex pattern recognition, could significantly increase. An AI used offensively to attack non-AI assets is referred to…

Threats targeting cyberspace are becoming more prominent and intelligent day by day. This inherently leads to a dire demand for continuous security validation and testing. Using this paper, we aim to provide a holistic and precise security…

Recently security researchers have started to look into automated generation of attack trees from socio-technical system models. The obvious next step in this trend of automated risk analysis is automating the selection of security controls…

Most state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) classification systems are vulnerable to adversarial perturbations. As a consequence, adversarial robustness poses a significant challenge for the deployment of ML-based systems in safety- and…

Advanced persistent threats (APT) are stealthy cyber-attacks that are aimed at stealing valuable information from target organizations and tend to extend in time. Blocking all APTs is impossible, security experts caution, hence the…

Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) attribution is a critical challenge in cybersecurity and implies the process of accurately identifying the perpetrators behind sophisticated cyber attacks. It can significantly enhance defense mechanisms and…

A data structure for finite bounded acyclic categories has been built, which is useful to encode and manipulate abstract orientable incidence structure. It can be represented as a directed acyclic multigraph with weighted edges, where the…

When used in high-stakes settings, AI systems are expected to produce decisions that are transparent, interpretable and auditable, a requirement increasingly expected by regulations. Decision trees such as CART provide clear and verifiable…

This paper analyzes the reported threats to Industrial Control Systems (ICS)/Operational Technology (OT) and identifies common tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) used by threat actors. The paper then uses the MITRE ATT&CK framework…