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Phishing has long been a common tactic used by cybercriminals and continues to pose a significant threat in today's digital world. When phishing attacks become more advanced and sophisticated, there is an increasing need for effective…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Catherine Lee

Phishing remains a critical cybersecurity threat, especially with the advent of large language models (LLMs) capable of generating highly convincing malicious content. Unlike earlier phishing attempts which are identifiable by grammatical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Deeksha Hareesha Kulal , Chidozie Princewill Arannonu , Afsah Anwar , Nidhi Rastogi , Quamar Niyaz

The escalating threat of phishing emails has become increasingly sophisticated with the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs). As attackers exploit LLMs to craft more convincing and evasive phishing emails, it is crucial to assess the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Khalifa Afane , Wenqi Wei , Ying Mao , Junaid Farooq , Juntao Chen

Phishing attacks remain a significant threat to modern cybersecurity, as they successfully deceive both humans and the defense mechanisms intended to protect them. Traditional detection systems primarily focus on email metadata that users…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Even Eilertsen , Vasileios Mavroeidis , Gudmund Grov

Modern organizations are persistently targeted by phishing emails. Despite advances in detection systems and widespread employee training, attackers continue to innovate, posing ongoing threats. Two emerging vectors stand out in the current…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Marie Weinz , Nicola Zannone , Luca Allodi , Giovanni Apruzzese

Email phishing is one of the most prevalent and globally consequential vectors of cyber intrusion. As systems increasingly deploy Large Language Models (LLMs) applications, these systems face evolving phishing email threats that exploit…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Najmul Hasan , Prashanth BusiReddyGari , Haitao Zhao , Yihao Ren , Jinsheng Xu , Shaohu Zhang

Phishing, a prevalent cybercrime tactic for decades, remains a significant threat in today's digital world. By leveraging clever social engineering elements and modern technology, cybercrime targets many individuals, businesses, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Het Patel , Umair Rehman , Farkhund Iqbal

Large language models(LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance on many natural language processing(NLP) tasks and have been employed in phishing email detection research. However, in current studies, well-performing LLMs typically…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-06 Zijie Lin , Zikang Liu , Hanbo Fan

In this research, we aim to explore the potential of natural language models (NLMs) such as GPT-3 and GPT-2 to generate effective phishing emails. Phishing emails are fraudulent messages that aim to trick individuals into revealing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-03 Rabimba Karanjai

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly capable, aiding in tasks such as content generation, yet they also pose risks, particularly in generating harmful spear-phishing emails. These emails, crafted to entice clicks on malicious URLs,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Qinglin Qi , Yun Luo , Yijia Xu , Wenbo Guo , Yong Fang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have established them as agentic systems capable of planning and interacting with various tools. These LLM agents are often paired with web-based tools, enabling access to diverse sources…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Hanna Kim , Minkyoo Song , Seung Ho Na , Seungwon Shin , Kimin Lee

Recent progress in artificial intelligence (AI), particularly in the domain of large language models (LLMs), has resulted in powerful and versatile dual-use systems. This intelligence can be put towards a wide variety of beneficial tasks,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-25 Julian Hazell

We present the first large-scale characterization of lateral phishing attacks, based on a dataset of 113 million employee-sent emails from 92 enterprise organizations. In a lateral phishing attack, adversaries leverage a compromised…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-10-03 Grant Ho , Asaf Cidon , Lior Gavish , Marco Schweighauser , Vern Paxson , Stefan Savage , Geoffrey M. Voelker , David Wagner

In this paper, we evaluate the capability of large language models to conduct personalized phishing attacks and compare their performance with human experts and AI models from last year. We include four email groups with a combined total of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Fred Heiding , Simon Lermen , Andrew Kao , Bruce Schneier , Arun Vishwanath

Phishing campaigns involve adversaries masquerading as trusted vendors trying to trigger user behavior that enables them to exfiltrate private data. While URLs are an important part of phishing campaigns, communicative elements like text…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Carsten Rudolph

Phishing, whether through email, SMS, or malicious websites, poses a major threat to organizations by using social engineering to trick users into revealing sensitive information. It not only compromises company's data security but also…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Sakshi Mahendru , Tejul Pandit

Phishing remains a pervasive cyber threat, as attackers craft deceptive emails to lure victims into revealing sensitive information. While Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular, deep learning, has become a key component in defending…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Fengchao Chen , Tingmin Wu , Van Nguyen , Shuo Wang , Alsharif Abuadbba , Carsten Rudolph

Every day, our inboxes are flooded with unsolicited emails, ranging between annoying spam to more subtle phishing scams. Unfortunately, despite abundant prior efforts proposing solutions achieving near-perfect accuracy, the reality is that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Luca Pajola , Eugenio Caripoti , Stefan Banzer , Simeone Pizzi , Mauro Conti , Giovanni Apruzzese

Phishing has become a prominent risk in modern cybersecurity, often used to bypass technological defences by exploiting predictable human behaviour. Warning dialogues are a standard mitigation measure, but the lack of explanatory clarity…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Federico Maria Cau , Giuseppe Desolda , Francesco Greco , Lucio Davide Spano , Luca Viganò

The rapid adoption of open-source Large Language Models (LLMs) in offline and enterprise environments has introduced a largely unexamined security risk like susceptibility to adversarial phishing prompts under static safety configurations.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Rina Mishra , Gaurav Varshney , Doddipatla Sesha Sahithi
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