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In this work, we study nonconvex-strongly convex online bilevel optimization (OBO) using only first-order oracle. Existing OBO algorithms are mainly based on hypergradient descent, which requires access to a Hessian-vector product (HVP)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tingkai Jia , Cheng Chen

This work focuses on addressing two major challenges in the context of large-scale nonconvex Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) problems, which are increasingly applied in machine learning due to their ability to model nested structures. These…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-17 Risheng Liu , Zhu Liu , Wei Yao , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

This paper studies the complexity of finding an $\epsilon$-stationary point for stochastic bilevel optimization when the upper-level problem is nonconvex and the lower-level problem is strongly convex. Recent work proposed the first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-10 Lesi Chen , Junru Li , El Mahdi Chayti , Jingzhao Zhang

Optimizing multiple, non-preferential objectives for mixed-variable, expensive black-box problems is important in many areas of engineering and science. The expensive, noisy, black-box nature of these problems makes them ideal candidates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Haris Moazam Sheikh , Philip S. Marcus

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) aims to optimize multiple, possibly conflicting objectives with widespread applications. We introduce a novel interacting particle method for MOO inspired by molecular dynamics simulations. Our approach…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Yinuo Ren , Tesi Xiao , Tanmay Gangwani , Anshuka Rangi , Holakou Rahmanian , Lexing Ying , Subhajit Sanyal

In recent years, a variety of gradient-based methods have been developed to solve Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) problems in machine learning and computer vision areas. However, the theoretical correctness and practical effectiveness of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Risheng Liu , Pan Mu , Xiaoming Yuan , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

We consider a generic min-max multi-objective bilevel optimization problem with applications in robust machine learning such as representation learning and hyperparameter optimization. We design MORBiT, a novel single-loop gradient…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-08 Alex Gu , Songtao Lu , Parikshit Ram , Lily Weng

A novel multiscale consensus-based optimization (CBO) algorithm for solving bi- and tri-level optimization problems is introduced. Existing CBO techniques are generalized by the proposed method through the employment of multiple interacting…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-06-23 Michael Herty , Yuyang Huang , Dante Kalise , Hicham Kouhkouh

In recent years, multi-objective optimization (MOO) emerges as a foundational problem underpinning many multi-agent multi-task learning applications. However, existing algorithms in MOO literature remain limited to centralized learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Haibo Yang , Zhuqing Liu , Jia Liu , Chaosheng Dong , Michinari Momma

We present a new feasible proximal gradient method for constrained optimization where both the objective and constraint functions are given by the summation of a smooth, possibly nonconvex function and a convex simple function. The…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-02-01 Digvijay Boob , Qi Deng , Guanghui Lan

Multi-objective optimization (MOO) is a well-studied problem for several important recommendation problems. While multiple approaches have been proposed, in this work, we focus on using constrained optimization formulations (e.g., quadratic…

Applications · Statistics 2016-02-16 Kinjal Basu , Ankan Saha , Shaunak Chatterjee

We study bilevel optimization problems where the lower-level problems are strongly convex and have coupled linear constraints. To overcome the potential non-smoothness of the hyper-objective and the computational challenges associated with…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-06 Wei Shen , Jiawei Zhang , Minhui Huang , Cong Shen

Bilevel optimization is a popular two-level hierarchical optimization, which has been widely applied to many machine learning tasks such as hyperparameter learning, meta learning and continual learning. Although many bilevel optimization…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-11-21 Feihu Huang

We consider the downlink of a cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system where large number of access points (APs) simultaneously serve a group of users. Two fundamental problems are of interest, namely (i) to maximize…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-13 Muhammad Farooq , Hien Quoc Ngo , Le-Nam Tran

This paper presents a new approach and algorithm for solving a class of constrained Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) problems in which the lower-level problem involves constraints coupling both upper-level and lower-level variables. Such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Wei Yao , Chengming Yu , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

Bilevel optimization (BO) has recently gained prominence in many machine learning applications due to its ability to capture the nested structure inherent in these problems. Recently, many hypergradient methods have been proposed as…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-09-04 Wanli Shi , Yi Chang , Bin Gu

In this paper we study convex bi-level optimization problems for which the inner level consists of minimization of the sum of smooth and nonsmooth functions. The outer level aims at minimizing a smooth and strongly convex function over the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-15 Shoham Sabach , Shimrit Shtern

The forward-backward operator splitting algorithm is one of the most important methods for solving the optimization problem of the sum of two convex functions, where one is differentiable with a Lipschitz continuous gradient and the other…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-08-30 Yu-Chao Tang , Guo-Rong Wu , Chuan-Xi Zhu

Nonconvex and nonsmooth bi-level optimization poses critical theoretical challenges, while arising in several applications. In this work, we develop a method for nonconvex, nonsmooth bi-level optimization and introduce Binno, a first-order…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-05 Laura Selicato , Flavia Esposito , Andersen Ang

In this paper, we consider non-convex multi-block bilevel optimization (MBBO) problems, which involve $m\gg 1$ lower level problems and have important applications in machine learning. Designing a stochastic gradient and controlling its…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-05 Quanqi Hu , Zi-Hao Qiu , Zhishuai Guo , Lijun Zhang , Tianbao Yang