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This literature review explores continual learning methods for on-device training in the context of neural networks (NNs) and decision trees (DTs) for classification tasks on smart environments. We highlight key constraints, such as data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Afonso Lourenço , João Rodrigo , João Gama , Goreti Marreiros

Deep Learning models have become the dominant approach in several areas due to their high performance. Unfortunately, the size and hence computational requirements of operating such models can be considerably high. Therefore, this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-12-04 Abdullah Salama , Oleksiy Ostapenko , Tassilo Klein , Moin Nabi

Running machine learning inference on tiny devices, known as TinyML, is an emerging research area. This task requires generating inference code that uses memory frugally, a task that standard ML frameworks are ill-suited for. A deployment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Shikhar Jaiswal , Rahul Kiran Kranti Goli , Aayan Kumar , Vivek Seshadri , Rahul Sharma

State-of-the-art deep learning models have a parameter count that reaches into the billions. Training, storing and transferring such models is energy and time consuming, thus costly. A big part of these costs is caused by training the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Paul Wimmer , Jens Mehnert , Alexandru Paul Condurache

Neural network deployment on low-cost embedded systems, hence on microcontrollers (MCUs), has recently been attracting more attention than ever. Since MCUs have limited memory capacity as well as limited compute-speed, it is critical that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-03-31 Eren Dogan , H. Fatih Ugurdag , Hasan Unlu

Specializing large language models (LLMs) for local deployment in domain-specific use cases is necessary for strong performance while meeting latency and privacy constraints. However, conventional task-specific adaptation approaches do not…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Lanxiang Hu , Tajana Rosing , Hao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown immense potential in enhancing various aspects of our daily lives, from conversational AI to search and AI assistants. However, their growing capabilities come at the cost of extremely large model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Yingyu Liang , Jiangxuan Long , Zhenmei Shi , Zhao Song , Yufa Zhou

Large-scale pre-trained models have been remarkably successful in resolving downstream tasks. Nonetheless, deploying these models on low-capability devices still requires an effective approach, such as model pruning. However, pruning the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Haiyan Zhao , Guodong Long

Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are becoming a common presence in many applications and services, due to their superior recognition accuracy. They are increasingly being used on mobile devices, many times just by porting large models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-21 Valentin Radu , Kuba Kaszyk , Yuan Wen , Jack Turner , Jose Cano , Elliot J. Crowley , Bjorn Franke , Amos Storkey , Michael O'Boyle

We surely enjoy the larger the better models for their superior performance in the last couple of years when both the hardware and software support the birth of such extremely huge models. The applied fields include text mining and others.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Hanjuan Huang , Hao-Jia Song , Hsing-Kuo Pao

The deployment of convolutional neural networks is often hindered by high computational and storage requirements. Structured model pruning is a promising approach to alleviate these requirements. Using the VGG-16 model as an example, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-22 Kongtao Chen , Ken Franko , Ruoxin Sang

Running deep neural networks on microcontroller units (MCUs) is severely constrained by limited memory resources. While TinyML techniques reduce model size and computation, they often fail in practice due to excessive peak Random Access…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Junyu Lu , Shashwath Suresh , Hao Liu , Qi Hong , Qing Wang

Multi-modal large language models (MLLMs) achieve strong visual-language reasoning but suffer from high inference cost due to redundant visual tokens. Recent work explores visual token pruning to accelerate inference, while existing pruning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Xiwen Chen , Wenhui Zhu , Gen Li , Xuanzhao Dong , Yujian Xiong , Hao Wang , Peijie Qiu , Qingquan Song , Zhipeng Wang , Shao Tang , Yalin Wang , Abolfazl Razi

Tiny Machine Learning (TinyML) systems, which enable machine learning inference on highly resource-constrained devices, are transforming edge computing but encounter unique security challenges. These devices, restricted by RAM and CPU…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jacob Huckelberry , Yuke Zhang , Allison Sansone , James Mickens , Peter A. Beerel , Vijay Janapa Reddi

Tiny machine learning (TinyML) in IoT systems exploits MCUs as edge devices for data processing. However, traditional TinyML methods can only perform inference, limited to static environments or classes. Real case scenarios usually work in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Alessandro Avi , Andrea Albanese , Davide Brunelli

Edge learning facilitates ubiquitous intelligence by enabling model training and adaptation directly on data-generating devices, thereby mitigating privacy risks and communication latency. However, the high computational and energy overhead…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Laha Ale , Hu Luo , Mingsheng Cao , Shichao Li , Huanlai Xing , Haifeng Sun

Diffusion models achieve remarkable performance across diverse generative tasks in computer vision, but their high computational cost remains a major barrier to deployment. Model pruning offers a promising way to reduce inference cost and…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Caleb Zheng , Eli Shlizerman

Internet of Things (IoT) has catapulted human ability to control our environments through ubiquitous sensing, communication, computation, and actuation. Over the past few years, IoT has joined forces with Machine Learning (ML) to embed deep…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-20 Shashank Bangalore Lakshman , Nasir U. Eisty

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in various language tasks has attracted considerable attention. However, the ever-increasing size of these models presents growing challenges for deployment and inference.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Jiayu Qin , Jianchao Tan , Kefeng Zhang , Xunliang Cai , Wei Wang

Deep learning has achieved state-of-the-art performance on several computer vision tasks and domains. Nevertheless, it still has a high computational cost and demands a significant amount of parameters. Such requirements hinder the use in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Samuel Felipe dos Santos , Rodrigo Berriel , Thiago Oliveira-Santos , Nicu Sebe , Jurandy Almeida