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Reinforcement learning (RL) is emerging as a powerful paradigm for enabling large language models (LLMs) to perform complex reasoning tasks. Recent advances indicate that integrating RL with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) allows LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Wentao Jiang , Xiang Feng , Zengmao Wang , Yong Luo , Pingbo Xu , Zhe Chen , Bo Du , Jing Zhang

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is a highly popular policy-based deep reinforcement learning (DRL) approach. However, we observe that the homogeneous exploration process in PPO could cause an unexpected stability issue in the training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-14 Qisheng Zhang , Zhen Guo , Audun Jøsang , Lance M. Kaplan , Feng Chen , Dong H. Jeong , Jin-Hee Cho

Users who come to recommendation platforms are heterogeneous in activity levels. There usually exists a group of core users who visit the platform regularly and consume a large body of content upon each visit, while others are casual users…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-04-05 Jianling Wang , Ya Le , Bo Chang , Yuyan Wang , Ed H. Chi , Minmin Chen

In session-based or sequential recommendation, it is important to consider a number of factors like long-term user engagement, multiple types of user-item interactions such as clicks, purchases etc. The current state-of-the-art supervised…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-12 Xin Xin , Alexandros Karatzoglou , Ioannis Arapakis , Joemon M. Jose

Unbiased recommender learning (URL) and off-policy evaluation/learning (OPE/L) techniques are effective in addressing the data bias caused by display position and logging policies, thereby consistently improving the performance of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-14 Tatsuki Takahashi , Chihiro Maru , Hiroko Shoji

Modern decision-making systems, from robots to web recommendation engines, are expected to adapt: to user preferences, changing circumstances or even new tasks. Yet, it is still uncommon to deploy a dynamically learning agent (rather than a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Shengpu Tang , Felipe Vieira Frujeri , Dipendra Misra , Alex Lamb , John Langford , Paul Mineiro , Sebastian Kochman

We propose a new learning framework that captures the tiered structure of many real-world user-interaction applications, where the users can be divided into two groups based on their different tolerance on exploration risks and should be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Jiawei Huang , Li Zhao , Tao Qin , Wei Chen , Nan Jiang , Tie-Yan Liu

Search and recommendation are the two most common approaches used by people to obtain information. They share the same goal -- satisfying the user's information need at the right time. There are already a lot of Internet platforms and Apps…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-10-01 Jing Yao , Zhicheng Dou , Ruobing Xie , Yanxiong Lu , Zhiping Wang , Ji-Rong Wen

Efficient exploration in complex environments remains a major challenge for reinforcement learning (RL). Compared to previous Thompson sampling-inspired mechanisms that enable temporally extended exploration, i.e., deep exploration, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-04 Asen Nachkov , Luchen Li , Giulia Luise , Filippo Valdettaro , Aldo Faisal

Recent advancements in Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) have significantly improved Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning, yet models often struggle to explore novel trajectories beyond their initial policy distribution.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Xinyu Ma , Mingzhou Xu , Xuebo Liu , Chang Jin , Qiang Wang , Derek F. Wong , Min Zhang

Recommender system has been deployed in a large amount of real-world applications, profoundly influencing people's daily life and production.Traditional recommender models mostly collect as comprehensive as possible user behaviors for…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-11-03 Lei Wang , Xu Chen , Quanyu Dai , Zhenhua Dong

Selection bias is prevalent in the data for training and evaluating recommendation systems with explicit feedback. For example, users tend to rate items they like. However, when rating an item concerning a specific user, most of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Weishen Pan , Sen Cui , Hongyi Wen , Kun Chen , Changshui Zhang , Fei Wang

This work compares ways of extending Reinforcement Learning algorithms to Partially Observed Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) with options. One view of options is as temporally extended action, which can be realized as a memory that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Shu Ishida , João F. Henriques

Reinforcement learning (RL) promises to expand the capabilities of language models, but it is unclear if current RL techniques promote the discovery of novel behaviors, or simply sharpen those already present in the base model. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jens Tuyls , Dylan J. Foster , Akshay Krishnamurthy , Jordan T. Ash

Reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great promise in optimizing long-term user interest in recommender systems. However, existing RL-based recommendation methods need a large number of interactions for each user to learn a robust…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-07 Yanan Wang , Yong Ge , Li Li , Rui Chen , Tong Xu

Large-scale alignment pipelines typically pair a policy model with a separately trained reward model whose parameters remain frozen during reinforcement learning (RL). This separation creates a complex, resource-intensive pipeline and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Songshuo Lu , Hua Wang , Zhi Chen , Yaohua Tang

The long-tail recommendation is a challenging task for traditional recommender systems, due to data sparsity and data imbalance issues. The recent development of large language models (LLMs) has shown their abilities in complex reasoning,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Junda Wu , Cheng-Chun Chang , Tong Yu , Zhankui He , Jianing Wang , Yupeng Hou , Julian McAuley

With the continuous development of machine learning technology, major e-commerce platforms have launched recommendation systems based on it to serve a large number of customers with different needs more efficiently. Compared with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-14 Yang Yu , Zhenhao Gu , Rong Tao , Jingtian Ge , Kenglun Chang

The recent DeepSeek-R1 has showcased the emergence of reasoning capabilities in LLMs through reinforcement learning (RL) with rule-based rewards. Despite its success in language models, its application in multi-modal domains, particularly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zhengxi Lu , Yuxiang Chai , Yaxuan Guo , Xi Yin , Liang Liu , Hao Wang , Han Xiao , Shuai Ren , Guanjing Xiong , Hongsheng Li

One of the challenges in online reinforcement learning (RL) is that the agent needs to trade off the exploration of the environment and the exploitation of the samples to optimize its behavior. Whether we optimize for regret, sample…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Jean Tarbouriech , Matteo Pirotta , Michal Valko , Alessandro Lazaric