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This paper formulates a new particle-in-cell method for the Vlasov-Maxwell system. Under the Lorenz gauge condition, Maxwell's equations for the electromagnetic fields can be written as a collection of scalar and vector wave equations. The…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Andrew J. Christlieb , William A. Sands , Stephen White

In this paper, we introduce a new family of spatially co-located field solvers for particle-in-cell applications which evolve the potential formulation of Maxwell's equations under the Lorenz gauge. Our recent work introduced the concept of…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-10-25 Andrew J. Christlieb , William A. Sands , Stephen R. White

In this work, we develop and rigorously analyze a new class of particle methods for the magnetized Vlasov--Poisson--Fokker--Planck system. The proposed approach addresses two fundamental challenges: (1) the curse of dimensionality, which we…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-03-03 Anjiao Gu , Xiaojiang Zhang

Development of particle in cell methods using finite element based methods (FEMs) have been a topic of renewed interest; this has largely been driven by (a) the ability of finite element methods to better model geometry, (b) better…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-04-13 Scott O'Connor , Zane D. Crawford , O. H. Ramachandran , John Luginsland , B. Shanker

In this paper, we develop Hamiltonian particle-in-cell methods for Vlasov-Maxwell equations by applying conforming finite element methods in space and splitting methods in time. For the spatial discretisation, the criteria for choosing…

Computational Physics · Physics 2016-10-12 Yang He , Yajuan Sun , Hong Qin , Jian Liu

In order to perform physically faithful particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, the Gauss's law stands as a critical requirement, since its violation often leads to catastrophic errors in long-term plasma simulations. This work proposes a novel…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Zhonghua Qiao , Zhenli Xu , Qian Yin , Shenggao Zhou

Numerical schemes that preserve the structure of the kinetic equations can provide stable simulation results over a long time. An electromagnetic particle-in-cell solver for the Vlasov-Maxwell equations that preserves at the discrete level…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Benedikt Perse , Katharina Kormann , Eric Sonnendrücker

This paper proposes a charge-conserving, variational, spatio-temporal discretization for the drift-kinetic Vlasov-Maxwell system, utilizing finite-elements for the electromagnetic fields and the particle-in-cell approach for the Vlasov…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2019-10-09 Eero Hirvijoki

We propose a class of Particle-In-Cell (PIC) methods for the Vlasov-Poisson system with a strong and inhomogeneous external magnetic field with fixed direction, where we focus on the motion of particles in the plane orthogonal to the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-01-25 Francis Filbet , Luis Rodrigues

An algorithm is presented that incorporates the tensor form of Maxwell's equations in a general relativistic electromagnetic particle-in-cell code. The code simplifies to Schwartzschild space-time for a non-spinning central mass. The…

Computational Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Michael Watson , Ken-Ichi Nishikawa

We extend the recently-developed explicit, energy-conserving particle-in-cell (PIC) scheme of [1] to the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell system. As in the non-relativistic case, the method is built on an optimization problem that is…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2026-05-19 Lee Ricketson , Jingwei Hu

Conventional explicit electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) algorithms do not conserve discrete energy exactly. Time-centered fully implicit PIC algorithms can conserve discrete energy exactly, but may introduce large dispersion errors in…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-02-19 Guangye Chen , Luis Chacón , Lin Yin , Brian J. Albright , David J. Stark , Robert F. Bird

A new method that solves concurrently the multi-fluid and Maxwell's equations has been developed for plasma simulations. By calculating the stress tensor in the multi-fluid momentum equation by means of computational particles moving in a…

Computational Physics · Physics 2018-04-04 Stefano Markidis , Pierre Henri , Giovanni Lapenta , Kjell Ronnmark , Maria Hamrin , Zakaria Meliani , Erwin Laure

A fully variational, unstructured, electromagnetic particle-in-cell integrator is developed for integration of the Vlasov-Maxwell equations. Using the formalism of Discrete Exterior Calculus, the field solver, interpolation scheme and…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2015-06-18 Jonathan Squire , Hong Qin , William M. Tang

Energy conserving particle-in-cell schemes are constructed for a class of reduced relativistic Vlasov--Maxwell equations of laser-plasma interaction. Discrete Poisson equation is also satisfied by the numerical solution. Specifically,…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-11-30 Yingzhe Li

We present a new method for solving the relativistic Vlasov--Maxwell system of equations, applicable to a wide range of extreme high-energy-density astrophysical and laboratory environments. The method directly discretizes the kinetic…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-02-20 James Juno , Grant Johnson , Alexander Philippov , Ammar Hakim , Alexander Chernoglazov , Shuzhe Zeng

We present a novel framework for Finite Element Particle-in-Cell methods based on the discretization of the underlying Hamiltonian structure of the Vlasov-Maxwell system. We derive a semi-discrete Poisson bracket, which retains the defining…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-10-05 Michael Kraus , Katharina Kormann , Philip J. Morrison , Eric Sonnendrücker

Structure-preserving methods can be derived for the Vlasov-Maxwell system from a discretisation of the Poisson bracket with compatible finite-elements for the fields and a particle representation of the distribution function. These…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2021-11-17 Benedikt Perse , Katharina Kormann , Eric Sonnendrücker

Validity of fluid models breaks down for non-thermal or weakly collisional plasmas which often occur e.g. in the solar wind. In these regimes one has to resort to modelling through the first-principle Vlasov-Maxwell system, but its…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2025-12-01 Rostislav-Paul Wilhelm , Fabio Bacchini

We introduce an extension of the particle-in-cell (PIC) method that captures the Landau collisional effects in the Vlasov-Maxwell-Landau equations. The method arises from a regularisation of the variational formulation of the Landau…

Plasma Physics · Physics 2024-04-02 Rafael Bailo , José A. Carrillo , Jingwei Hu
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