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The design of fast algorithms for combinatorial optimization greatly contributes to a plethora of domains such as logistics, finance, and chemistry. Quantum approximate optimization algorithms (QAOAs), which utilize the power of quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Zeqiao Zhou , Yuxuan Du , Xinmei Tian , Dacheng Tao

Combinatorial optimization on near-term quantum devices is a promising path to demonstrating quantum advantage. However, the capabilities of these devices are constrained by high noise or error rates. In this paper, we propose an iterative…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-12 Xiaoyuan Liu , Anthony Angone , Ruslan Shaydulin , Ilya Safro , Yuri Alexeev , Lukasz Cincio

The present tutorial aims to provide a comprehensible and easily accessible introduction into the theory and implementation of the famous Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA). We lay our focus on practical aspects and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-24 Andreas Sturm

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) provides a way to solve combinatorial optimization problems using quantum computers. QAOA circuits consist of time evolution operators by the cost Hamiltonian and of state mixing operators,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-02 Ryo Sakai , Hiromichi Matsuyama , Wai-Hong Tam , Yu Yamashiro , Keisuke Fujii

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has emerged as a promising candidate for demonstrating quantum advantage on noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) devices. While various QAOA parameterization schemes exist, ranging…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-05 Evan Camilleri , André Xuereb , Tony J. G. Apollaro , Mirko Consiglio

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) is critical for 6G communication, offering improved spectral efficiency and reliability. However, conventional fully digital designs face significant challenges due to high hardware complexity and power…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Nikos A Mitsiou , Ioannis Krikidis , George K Karagiannidis

Discovering configurations that are both high-utility and structurally diverse under expensive black-box evaluation and strict query budgets remains a central challenge in data-driven discovery. Many classical optimizers concentrate on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Saisubramaniam Gopalakrishnan , Dagnachew Birru

In the search for quantum advantage in real--world problems, one promising avenue is to use a quantum algorithm to improve on the solution found using an efficient classical algorithm. The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Yunlong Yu , Xiang-Bin Wang , Nic Shannon , Robert Joynt

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is expected to offer advantages over classical approaches when solving combinatorial optimization problems in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. In its standard…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Arkadiusz Wołk , Karol Capała , Katarzyna Rycerz

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising Noisy Intermediate Quantum Algorithms (NISQ) in solving combinatorial optimizations and displays potential over classical heuristic techniques.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-01-18 Arul Rhik Mazumder , Anuvab Sen , Udayon Sen

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a promising variational algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term devices. However, as the number of layers in a QAOA circuit increases, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Owain Parry , Phil McMinn

We propose and study Th-QAOA (pronounced Threshold QAOA), a variation of the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) that replaces the standard phase separator operator, which encodes the objective function, with a threshold function…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-06-06 John Golden , Andreas Bärtschi , Daniel O'Malley , Stephan Eidenbenz

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is an extensively studied variational quantum algorithm utilized for solving optimization problems on near-term quantum devices. A significant focus is placed on determining the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-11 Yanqi Song , Yusen Wu , Sujuan Qin , Qiaoyan Wen , Jingbo B. Wang , Fei Gao

Quantum computers are increasing in size and quality, but are still very noisy. Error mitigation extends the size of the quantum circuits that noisy devices can meaningfully execute. However, state-of-the-art error mitigation methods are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-25 Stefan H. Sack , Daniel J. Egger

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is a standard method for combinatorial optimization with a gate-based quantum computer. The QAOA consists of a particular ansatz for the quantum circuit architecture, together with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-28 Li Li , Minjie Fan , Marc Coram , Patrick Riley , Stefan Leichenauer

Farhi et al. recently proposed a class of quantum algorithms, the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), for approximately solving combinatorial optimization problems. A level-p QAOA circuit consists of p steps; in each step a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-01 Zhihui Wang , Stuart Hadfield , Zhang Jiang , Eleanor G. Rieffel

Portfolio optimization is a primary component of the decision-making process in finance, aiming to tactfully allocate assets to achieve optimal returns while considering various constraints. Herein, we proposed a method that uses the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Chansreynich Huot , Kimleang Kea , Tae-Kyung Kim , Youngsun Han

We provide a method to prepare a warm-started quantum state from measurements with an iterative framework to enhance the quantum approximate optimisation algorithm (QAOA). The numerical simulations show the method can effectively address…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-17 Haomu Yuan , Songqinghao Yang , Crispin H. W. Barnes

We introduce the Constraint-Enhanced Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (CE-QAOA), a shallow, constraint-aware ansatz that operates inside the one-hot product space [n]^m, where m is the number of blocks and each block is…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chinonso Onah , Roman Firt , Kristel Michielsen

We investigate the potential of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) for reducing energy consumption in route planning, a key challenge in logistics due to the NP-hard nature of the Traveling Salesman and Vehicle Routing…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Ayush Nadiger , Adriana Caraeni , Katie Schouten