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We propose an end-to-end solution, from watermark feature generation to metric design, for effectively demoting watermarked images surfed by a real world image search engine. We use a few fundamental techniques to obtain effective watermark…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-27 Ning Ma , Xin Zhao , Mark Bolin

Watermarking, the practice of embedding imperceptible information into media such as images, videos, audio, and text, is essential for intellectual property protection, content provenance and attribution. The growing complexity of digital…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-30 Aleksandar Petrov , Shruti Agarwal , Philip H. S. Torr , Adel Bibi , John Collomosse

Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

The widespread use of AI-generated content from diffusion models has raised significant concerns regarding misinformation and copyright infringement. Watermarking is a crucial technique for identifying these AI-generated images and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Wenda Li , Huijie Zhang , Qing Qu

The recent explosion of high-quality language models has necessitated new methods for identifying AI-generated text. Watermarking is a leading solution and could prove to be an essential tool in the age of generative AI. Existing approaches…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Miranda Christ , Sam Gunn , Tal Malkin , Mariana Raykova

Digital watermarks can be embedded into AI-generated content (AIGC) by initializing the generation process with starting points sampled from a secret distribution. When combined with pseudorandom error-correcting codes, such watermarked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 De Zhang Lee , Han Fang , Hanyi Wang , Ee-Chien Chang

Digital watermarking has shown its effectiveness in protecting multimedia content. However, existing watermarking is predominantly tailored for specific media types, rendering them less effective for the protection of content displayed on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Xiujian Liang , Gaozhi Liu , Yichao Si , Xiaoxiao Hu , Zhenxing Qian

Machine learning image classifiers are susceptible to adversarial and corruption perturbations. Adding imperceptible noise to images can lead to severe misclassifications of the machine learning model. Using $L_p$-norms for measuring the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-14 Tobias Wegel , Felix Assion , David Mickisch , Florens Greßner

Vulnerability of watermarking schemes against intense signal processing attacks is generally a major concern, particularly when there are techniques to reproduce an acceptable copy of the original signal with no chance for detecting the…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2015-01-09 Hossein Bakhshi Golestani , Shahrokh Ghaemmaghami

Digital avatar watermarking presents unique challenges: avatars are routinely post-processed with background replacement, reframing, and format conversion before deployment. We introduce \textbf{RAW} (Robust Avatar Watermarking), a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jack Parry , Jack Saunders , Vinay Namboodiri

Reports regarding the misuse of Generative AI (GenAI) to create deepfakes are frequent. Defensive watermarking enables GenAI providers to hide fingerprints in their images and use them later for deepfake detection. Yet, its potential has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Andre Kassis , Urs Hengartner

Watermark text spotting in document images can offer access to an often unexplored source of information, providing crucial evidence about a record's scope, audience and sometimes even authenticity. Stemming from the problem of text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Mateusz Krubiński , Stefan Matcovici , Diana Grigore , Daniel Voinea , Alin-Ionut Popa

Latent diffusion models have exhibited considerable potential in generative tasks. Watermarking is considered to be an alternative to safeguard the copyright of generative models and prevent their misuse. However, in the context of model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu , Qi Wu

Prevailing practice in learning-based audio watermarking is to pursue robustness by expanding the set of simulated distortions during training. However, such surrogates are narrow and prone to overfitting. This paper presents AWARE (Audio…

Recent Weak Supervision (WS) approaches have had widespread success in easing the bottleneck of labeling training data for machine learning by synthesizing labels from multiple potentially noisy supervision sources. However, proper…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-12 Jieyu Zhang , Yue Yu , Yinghao Li , Yujing Wang , Yaming Yang , Mao Yang , Alexander Ratner

In the audio modality, state-of-the-art watermarking methods leverage deep neural networks to allow the embedding of human-imperceptible signatures in generated audio. The ideal is to embed signatures that can be detected with high accuracy…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Patrick O'Reilly , Zeyu Jin , Jiaqi Su , Bryan Pardo

The rapid advancement of generative AI has revolutionized image creation, enabling high-quality synthesis from text prompts while raising critical challenges for media authenticity. We present Ai-GenBench, a novel benchmark designed to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Lorenzo Pellegrini , Davide Cozzolino , Serafino Pandolfini , Davide Maltoni , Matteo Ferrara , Luisa Verdoliva , Marco Prati , Marco Ramilli

The availability and easy access to digital communication increase the risk of copyrighted material piracy. In order to detect illegal use or distribution of data, digital watermarking has been proposed as a suitable tool. It protects the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-10-04 Bingyang Wen , Sergul Aydore

Robust invisible watermarking aims to embed hidden messages into images such that they survive various manipulations while remaining imperceptible. However, powerful diffusion-based image generation and editing models now enable realistic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Wenkai Fu , Finn Carter , Yue Wang , Emily Davis , Bo Zhang

As AI-generated sensitive images become more prevalent, identifying their source is crucial for distinguishing them from real images. Conventional image watermarking methods are vulnerable to common transformations like filters, lossy…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Shree Singhi , Aayan Yadav , Aayush Gupta , Shariar Ebrahimi , Parisa Hassanizadeh