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It is well known that a quantum circuit on $N$ qubits composed of Clifford gates with the addition of $k$ non Clifford gates can be simulated on a classical computer by an algorithm scaling as $\text{poly}(N)\exp(k)$[1]. We show that, for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-05-05 Lorenzo Leone , Salvatore F. E. Oliviero , You Zhou , Alioscia Hamma

Using the tensor product representation in the density matrix renormalization group, we show that a quantum circuit of Grover's algorithm, which has one-qubit unitary gates, generalized Toffoli gates, and projective measurements, can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 A. Kawaguchi , K. Shimizu , Y. Tokura , N. Imoto

Quantum computing carries significant potential for addressing practical problems. However, currently available quantum devices suffer from noisy quantum gates, which degrade the fidelity of executed quantum circuits. Therefore, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-25 Ji Liu , Alvin Gonzales , Benchen Huang , Zain Hamid Saleem , Paul Hovland

The study of quantum circuits composed of commuting gates is particularly useful to understand the delicate boundary between quantum and classical computation. Indeed, while being a restricted class, commuting circuits exhibit genuine…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-19 Xiaotong Ni , Maarten Van den Nest

Representations of quantum computations are almost always based on a tensor product $\otimes$-structure. This coincides with what we are able to execute in our experiments, as well as what we observe in Nature, but it makes certain familiar…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-05 Luca Mondada

Symmetry is fundamental in the description and simulation of quantum systems. Leveraging symmetries in classical simulations of many-body quantum systems can results in significant overhead due to the exponentially growing size of some…

The vast and complicated large-qubit state space forbids us to comprehensively capture the dynamics of modern quantum computers via classical simulations or quantum tomography. Recent progress in quantum learning theory prompts a crucial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Yuxuan Du , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Dacheng Tao

We establish a direct connection between spread complexity and quantum circuit complexity by demonstrating that spread complexity emerges as a limiting case of a circuit complexity framework built from two fundamental operations:…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2026-05-19 Cameron Beetar , Eric L Graef , Jeff Murugan , Horatiu Nastase , Hendrik J R Van Zyl

In this paper we present the computational model underlying the one-way quantum computer which we introduced recently [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5188 (2001)]. The one-way quantum computer has the property that any quantum logic network can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert Raussendorf , Hans Briegel

In this work, we develop a novel mathematical framework for universal digital quantum computation using algebraic probability theory. We rigorously define quantum circuits as finite sequences of elementary quantum gates and establish their…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-01 Antonio Falcó , Daniela Falcó--Pomares , Hermann G. Matthies

The goal of benchmarking is to determine how far the output of a noisy system is from its ideal behavior; this becomes exceedingly difficult for large quantum systems where classical simulations become intractable. A common approach is to…

Classical simulations of quantum systems are notoriously difficult computational problems, with conventional state vector and tensor network methods restricted to quantum systems that feature only a small number of qudits. The recently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-28 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Thomas Quella , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

Typically, quantum mechanics is thought of as a linear theory with unitary evolution governed by the Schr\"odinger equation. While this is technically true and useful for a physicist, with regards to computation it is an unfortunately…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-20 Dax Enshan Koh , Murphy Yuezhen Niu , Theodore J. Yoder

Recent work of Bravyi et al. and follow-up work by Bene Watts et al. demonstrates a quantum advantage for shallow circuits: constant-depth quantum circuits can perform a task which constant-depth classical (i.e., AC$^0$) circuits cannot.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-07 Daniel Grier , Luke Schaeffer

Classical simulators play a major role in the development and benchmark of quantum algorithms and practically any software framework for quantum computation provides the option of running the algorithms on simulators. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-04 Gian Giacomo Guerreschi

Quantum computing will change the way we tackle certain problems. It promises to dramatically speed-up many chemical, financial, and machine-learning applications. However, to capitalize on those promises, complex design flows composed of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

A major challenge in developing quantum computing technologies is to accomplish high precision tasks by utilizing multiplex optimization approaches, on both the physical system and algorithm levels. Loss functions assessing the overall…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-03 Zhen Wang , Yanzhu Chen , Zixuan Song , Dayue Qin , Hekang Li , Qiujiang Guo , H. Wang , Chao Song , Ying Li

We investigate the emergence of quantum complexity and chaos in doped Clifford circuits acting on qudits of odd prime dimension $d$. Using doped Clifford Weingarten calculus and a replica tensor network formalism, we derive exact results…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-24 Beatrice Magni , Xhek Turkeshi

Quantum computations are typically compiled into a circuit of basic quantum gates. Just like for classical circuits, a quantum compiler should optimize the quantum circuit, e.g. by minimizing the number of required gates. Optimizing quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-31 Raban Iten , Romain Moyard , Tony Metger , David Sutter , Stefan Woerner

Gate-based universal quantum computation is formulated in terms of two types of operations: local single-qubit gates, which are typically easily implementable, and two-qubit entangling gates, whose faithful implementation remains one of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-18 Xiaoqin Gao , Paul Appel , Nicolai Friis , Martin Ringbauer , Marcus Huber
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