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Many works in explainable AI have focused on explaining black-box classification models. Explaining deep reinforcement learning (RL) policies in a manner that could be understood by domain users has received much less attention. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Ronny Luss , Amit Dhurandhar , Miao Liu

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) involves the use of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) to make sequential decisions in order to maximize reward. For many tasks the resulting sequence of actions produced by a Deep RL policy can be long and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-07-26 Sam Blakeman , Denis Mareschal

Enabling humans to identify potential flaws in an agent's decision making is an important Explainable AI application. We consider identifying such flaws in a planning-based deep reinforcement learning (RL) agent for a complex real-time…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-30 Kin-Ho Lam , Zhengxian Lin , Jed Irvine , Jonathan Dodge , Zeyad T Shureih , Roli Khanna , Minsuk Kahng , Alan Fern

One major barrier to applications of deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) both inside and outside of games is the lack of explainability. In this paper, we describe a lightweight and effective method to derive explanations for deep RL agents,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Alexander Sieusahai , Matthew Guzdial

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) has recently led to many breakthroughs on a range of complex control tasks. However, the agent's decision-making process is generally not transparent. The lack of interpretability hinders the applicability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-22 Wenjie Shi , Gao Huang , Shiji Song , Zhuoyuan Wang , Tingyu Lin , Cheng Wu

We introduce an approach for deep reinforcement learning (RL) that improves upon the efficiency, generalization capacity, and interpretability of conventional approaches through structured perception and relational reasoning. It uses…

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) is remarkably effective in addressing sequential resource allocation problems in domains such as healthcare, public policy, and resource management. However, deep RL policies often lack transparency and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Mauricio Tec , Guojun Xiong , Haichuan Wang , Francesca Dominici , Milind Tambe

We tackle the blackbox issue of deep neural networks in the settings of reinforcement learning (RL) where neural agents learn towards maximizing reward gains in an uncontrollable way. Such learning approach is risky when the interacting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-13 John Yang , Gyujeong Lee , Minsung Hyun , Simyung Chang , Nojun Kwak

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a popular machine learning paradigm where intelligent agents interact with the environment to fulfill a long-term goal. Driven by the resurgence of deep learning, Deep RL (DRL) has witnessed great success over…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Yunpeng Qing , Shunyu Liu , Jie Song , Yang Zhou , Kaixuan Chen , Huiqiong Wang , Mingli Song

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a learning paradigm in which the agent learns from its environment through trial and error. Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) algorithms represent the agent's policies using neural networks, making their…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Jasmina Gajcin , Jovan Jeromela , Ivana Dusparic

With deep reinforcement learning (RL) systems like autonomous driving being wildly deployed but remaining largely opaque, developers frequently use explainable RL (XRL) tools to better understand and work with deep RL agents. However,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Xiaoran Wu , Zihan Yan , Chongjie Zhang , Tongshuang Wu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) enables an intelligent agent to optimise its performance in a task by continuously taking action from an observed state and receiving a feedback from the environment in form of rewards. RL typically uses tables…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Alberto Castagna

Reinforcement learning (RL) systems can be complex and non-interpretable, making it challenging for non-AI experts to understand or intervene in their decisions. This is due in part to the sequential nature of RL in which actions are chosen…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Amal Alabdulkarim , Madhuri Singh , Gennie Mansi , Kaely Hall , Upol Ehsan , Mark O. Riedl

Recent advances in Reinforcement Learning (RL) largely benefit from the inclusion of Deep Neural Networks, boosting the number of novel approaches proposed in the field of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). These techniques demonstrate the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Giovanni Dispoto , Paolo Bonetti , Marcello Restelli

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has become a powerful tool for complex decision-making in machine learning and AI. However, traditional methods often assume perfect action execution, overlooking the uncertainties and deviations between an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Oren Fivel , Matan Rudman , Kobi Cohen

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has achieved remarkable success in sequential decision-making problems. However, existing DRL agents make decisions in an opaque fashion, hindering the user from establishing trust and scrutinizing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-13 Xiao Liu , Wubing Chen , Mao Tan

Interpretability of AI models allows for user safety checks to build trust in such AIs. In particular, Decision Trees (DTs) provide a global look at the learned model and transparently reveal which features of the input are critical for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-23 Hector Kohler , Riad Akrour , Philippe Preux

Reinforcement learning (RL) is a powerful technique for training intelligent agents, but understanding why these agents make specific decisions can be quite challenging. This lack of transparency in RL models has been a long-standing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Wenhao Lu , Xufeng Zhao , Thilo Fryen , Jae Hee Lee , Mengdi Li , Sven Magg , Stefan Wermter

Recently, there has been increasing interest in transparency and interpretability in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) systems. Verbal explanations, as the most natural way of communication in our daily life, deserve more attention, since…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-25 Xinzhi Wang , Huao Li , Hui Zhang , Michael Lewis , Katia Sycara

Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning (MADRL) was proven efficient in solving complex problems in robotics or games, yet most of the trained models are hard to interpret. While learning intrinsically interpretable models remains a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Yoann Poupart , Aurélie Beynier , Nicolas Maudet
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