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Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) was recently introduced as a regularization procedure for training deep neural networks. It simultaneously minimizes the fitness (or loss) function and the so-called fitness sharpness. The latter serves as…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-20 Illya Bakurov , Nathan Haut , Wolfgang Banzhaf

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) methods have gained increasing popularity by formulating the problem of minimizing both loss value and loss sharpness as a minimax objective. In this work, we increase the efficiency of the maximization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Gonçalo Mordido , Pranshu Malviya , Aristide Baratin , Sarath Chandar

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has been instrumental in improving deep neural network training by minimizing both training loss and loss sharpness. Despite the practical success, the mechanisms behind SAM's generalization enhancements…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Tao Li , Pan Zhou , Zhengbao He , Xinwen Cheng , Xiaolin Huang

Modern deep learning models are over-parameterized, where the optimization setup strongly affects the generalization performance. A key element of reliable optimization for these systems is the modification of the loss function.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-09 Kayhan Behdin , Qingquan Song , Aman Gupta , David Durfee , Ayan Acharya , Sathiya Keerthi , Rahul Mazumder

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) is a recently proposed method that minimizes the sharpness of the training loss of a neural network. While its generalization improvement is well-known and is the primary motivation, we uncover an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Maksym Andriushchenko , Dara Bahri , Hossein Mobahi , Nicolas Flammarion

Understanding the dynamics of optimization in deep learning is increasingly important as models scale. While stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and its variants reliably find solutions that generalize well, the mechanisms driving this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Wei-Kai Chang , Rajiv Khanna

The Sharpness Aware Minimization (SAM) optimization algorithm has been shown to control large eigenvalues of the loss Hessian and provide generalization benefits in a variety of settings. The original motivation for SAM was a modified loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-20 Atish Agarwala , Yann N. Dauphin

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) is an optimization technique designed to improve generalization by favoring flatter loss minima. To achieve this, SAM optimizes a modified objective that penalizes sharpness, using computationally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Nalin Tiwary , Siddarth Aananth

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) aims to improve the generalisation of gradient-based learning by seeking out flat minima. In this work, we establish connections between SAM and Mean-Field Variational Inference (MFVI) of neural network…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-20 Szilvia Ujváry , Zsigmond Telek , Anna Kerekes , Anna Mészáros , Ferenc Huszár

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) is known to improve the generalization performance of neural networks. However, it is not widely used in real-world applications yet due to its expensive model perturbation cost. A few variants of SAM have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Sunwoo Lee

In multimodal learning, dominant modalities often overshadow others, limiting generalization. We propose Modality-Aware Sharpness-Aware Minimization (M-SAM), a model-agnostic framework that applies to many modalities and supports early and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Hossein R. Nowdeh , Jie Ji , Xiaolong Ma , Fatemeh Afghah

Deep neural networks are often overparameterized and may not easily achieve model generalization. Adversarial training has shown effectiveness in improving generalization by regularizing the change of loss on top of adversarially chosen…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-07 Wenxuan Zhou , Fangyu Liu , Huan Zhang , Muhao Chen

Modern deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performances but are typically over-parameterized. The over-parameterization may result in undesirably large generalization error in the absence of other customized training…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Jiawei Du , Daquan Zhou , Jiashi Feng , Vincent Y. F. Tan , Joey Tianyi Zhou

Sharpness-aware minimization (SAM), which searches for flat minima by min-max optimization, has been shown to be useful in improving model generalization. However, since each SAM update requires computing two gradients, its computational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Weisen Jiang , Hansi Yang , Yu Zhang , James Kwok

Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) has attracted significant attention for its effectiveness in improving generalization across various tasks. However, its underlying principles remain poorly understood. In this work, we analyze SAM's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-23 Haocheng Luo , Tuan Truong , Tung Pham , Mehrtash Harandi , Dinh Phung , Trung Le

The sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) algorithm and its variants, including gap guided SAM (GSAM), have been successful at improving the generalization capability of deep neural network models by finding flat local minima of the empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Hinata Harada , Hideaki Iiduka

Recently, flat minima are proven to be effective for improving generalization and sharpness-aware minimization (SAM) achieves state-of-the-art performance. Yet the current definition of flatness discussed in SAM and its follow-ups are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Xingxuan Zhang , Renzhe Xu , Han Yu , Hao Zou , Peng Cui

Recent experiments have shown that, often, when training a neural network with gradient descent (GD) with a step size $\eta$, the operator norm of the Hessian of the loss grows until it approximately reaches $2/\eta$, after which it…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Philip M. Long , Peter L. Bartlett

Recently, Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM), which connects the geometry of the loss landscape and generalization, has demonstrated significant performance boosts on training large-scale models such as vision transformers. However, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Yong Liu , Siqi Mai , Xiangning Chen , Cho-Jui Hsieh , Yang You

The capacity to generalize to future unseen data stands as one of the utmost crucial attributes of deep neural networks. Sharpness-Aware Minimization (SAM) aims to enhance the generalizability by minimizing worst-case loss using one-step…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Tao Wu , Tie Luo , Donald C. Wunsch