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Evaluating LLMs with a single prompt has proven unreliable, with small changes leading to significant performance differences. However, generating the prompt variations needed for a more robust multi-prompt evaluation is challenging,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Eliya Habba , Noam Dahan , Gili Lior , Gabriel Stanovsky

LLMs have demonstrated commendable performance across diverse domains. Nevertheless, formulating high-quality prompts to assist them in their work poses a challenge for non-AI experts. Existing research in prompt engineering suggests…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-23 Ming Wang , Yuanzhong Liu , Xiaoyu Liang , Yijie Huang , Daling Wang , Xiaocui Yang , Sijia Shen , Shi Feng , Xiaoming Zhang , Chaofeng Guan , Yifei Zhang

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly improved their problem-solving capabilities. However, these models still struggle when faced with complex multi-step reasoning tasks. In this paper, we propose the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-04 André de Souza Loureiro , Jorge Valverde-Rebaza , Julieta Noguez , David Escarcega , Ricardo Marcacini

This paper presents a systematic approach to using the Socratic method in developing prompt templates that effectively interact with large language models, including GPT-3. Various methods are examined, and those that yield precise answers…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Edward Y. Chang

With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), generating rule-based data for real-world applications has become more accessible. Due to the inherent ambiguity of natural language and the complexity of rule sets, especially in long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Teng Wang , Zhenqi He , Wing-Yin Yu , Xiaojin Fu , Xiongwei Han

Improving Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs) in the post-training stage typically relies on supervised fine-tuning (SFT) or reinforcement learning (RL), which require expensive and manually annotated multi-modal data--an ultimately…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Lai Wei , Yuting Li , Chen Wang , Yue Wang , Linghe Kong , Weiran Huang , Lichao Sun

Prompts used in recent large language model based applications are often fixed and lengthy, leading to significant computational overhead. To address this challenge, we propose Generative Prompt Internalization (GenPI), a lightweight method…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Haebin Shin , Lei Ji , Yeyun Gong , Sungdong Kim , Eunbi Choi , Minjoon Seo

Generally, the decoder-only large language models (LLMs) are adapted to context-aware neural machine translation (NMT) in a concatenating way, where LLMs take the concatenation of the source sentence (i.e., intra-sentence context) and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Xinglin Lyu , Junhui Li , Yanqing Zhao , Min Zhang , Daimeng Wei , Shimin Tao , Hao Yang , Min Zhang

Answering multi-hop reasoning questions requires retrieving and synthesizing information from diverse sources. Language models (LMs) struggle to perform such reasoning consistently. We propose an approach to pinpoint and rectify multi-hop…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Mansi Sakarvadia

Conversational Question Generation (CQG) enhances the interactivity of conversational question-answering systems in fields such as education, customer service, and entertainment. However, traditional CQG, focusing primarily on the immediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Shasha Guo , Lizi Liao , Jing Zhang , Cuiping Li , Hong Chen

Controllable speech synthesis aims to control the style of generated speech using reference input, which can be of various modalities. Existing face-based methods struggle with robustness and generalization due to data quality constraints,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Rui Niu , Weihao Wu , Jie Chen , Long Ma , Zhiyong Wu

Recent studies have shown that Large Language Models (LLMs) can improve their reasoning performance through self-generated few-shot examples, achieving results comparable to manually curated in-context examples. However, the underlying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Daehoon Gwak , Minseo Jung , Junwoo Park , Minho Park , ChaeHun Park , Junha Hyung , Jaegul Choo

Many recent prompting strategies for large language models (LLMs) query the model multiple times sequentially -- first to produce intermediate results and then the final answer. However, using these methods, both decoder and model are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Luca Beurer-Kellner , Mark Niklas Müller , Marc Fischer , Martin Vechev

This paper proposes the problem of Deep Question Generation (DQG), which aims to generate complex questions that require reasoning over multiple pieces of information of the input passage. In order to capture the global structure of the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-04-28 Liangming Pan , Yuxi Xie , Yansong Feng , Tat-Seng Chua , Min-Yen Kan

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) achieve strong performance through instruction tuning, yet real-world deployment often requires continual capability expansion across sequential tasks. In such scenarios, Multimodal Continual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Tao Hu , Da-Wei Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance on many tasks. However, to achieve optimal performance, specially designed prompting methods are still needed. These methods either rely on task-specific few-shot…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Haoxiang Guan , Jiyan He , Shuxin Zheng , En-Hong Chen , Weiming Zhang , Nenghai Yu

Large Language Models (LLMs) often produce incorrect answers on multi-hop question answering even when the reasoning trace already contains a correct intermediate conclusion. We attribute this gap to weak self-regulation rather than…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ik-hwan Kim , Hyeongrok Han , Mingi Jung , Sangwon Yu , Jinseok Hong , Sang Hun Kim , Yoonyoung Choi , Sungroh Yoon

Large Code Models (LCMs) show potential in code intelligence, but their effectiveness is greatly influenced by prompt quality. Current prompt design is mostly manual, which is time-consuming and highly dependent on specific LCMs and tasks.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Kexing Ji , Shiyun Fu , Cuiyun Gao , Yujia Chen , Zezhou Yang , Chaozheng Wang , Yuetang Deng

Large Language Models, such as Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (aka. GPT-3), have been developed to understand language through the analysis of extensive text data, allowing them to identify patterns and connections between words.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-03 Baphumelele Masikisiki , Vukosi Marivate , Yvette Hlope

Automatic question generation aims at the generation of questions from a context, with the corresponding answers being sub-spans of the given passage. Whereas, most of the methods mostly rely on heuristic rules to generate questions, more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Tassilo Klein , Moin Nabi