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In a clustered observational study, treatment is assigned to groups and all units within the group are exposed to the treatment. Here, we use a clustered observational study (COS) design to estimate the effectiveness of Magnet Nursing…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-01 Melody Huang , Eli Ben-Michael , Matthew McHugh , Luke Keele

Consider sensitivity analysis for estimating average treatment effects under unmeasured confounding, assumed to satisfy a marginal sensitivity model. At the population level, we provide new representations for the sharp population bounds…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-09-26 Zhiqiang Tan

Sensitivity analysis is concerned with understanding how the model output depends on uncertainties (variances) in inputs and then identifies which inputs are important in contributing to the prediction imprecision. Uncertainty determination…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-01-04 Yueying Zhu , Qiuping Alexandre Wang , Wei Li , Xu Cai

Measurement error in observational datasets can lead to systematic bias in inferences based on these datasets. As studies based on observational data are increasingly used to inform decisions with real-world impact, it is critical that we…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-01-29 Roy Adams , Yuelong Ji , Xiaobin Wang , Suchi Saria

Two problems that arise in making causal inferences for non-mortality outcomes such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) are unmeasured confounding and censoring by death, i.e., the outcome is only observed when subjects survive. In…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-20 Kwonsang Lee , Scott A. Lorch , Dylan S. Small

Decision tree ensembles are widely used in critical domains, making robustness and sensitivity analysis essential to their trustworthiness. We study the feature sensitivity problem, which asks whether an ensemble is sensitive to a specified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Namrita Varshney , Ashutosh Gupta , Arhaan Ahmad , Tanay V. Tayal , S. Akshay

Consider sensitivity analysis to assess the worst-case possible values of counterfactual outcome means and average treatment effects under sequential unmeasured confounding in a longitudinal study with time-varying treatments and…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-31 Zhiqiang Tan

In causal inference, sensitivity analysis is important to assess the robustness of study conclusions to key assumptions. We perform sensitivity analysis of the assumption that missing outcomes are missing completely at random. We follow a…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2023-05-12 Bart Eggen , Stéphanie L. van der Pas , Aad W. van der Vaart

Instrumental variables regression is a tool that is commonly used in the analysis of observational data. The instrumental variables are used to make causal inference about the effect of a certain exposure in the presence of unmeasured…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-09-07 Valentin Vancak , Arvid Sjölander

Causal Machine Learning has emerged as a powerful tool for flexibly estimating causal effects from observational data in both industry and academia. However, causal inference from observational data relies on untestable assumptions about…

Causal inference, especially in observational studies, relies on untestable assumptions about the true data-generating process. Sensitivity analysis helps us determine how robust our conclusions are when we alter these underlying…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Nikita Dhawan , Daniel Shen , Leonardo Cotta , Chris J. Maddison

The case$^2$ study, also referred to as the case-case study design, is a valuable approach for conducting inference for treatment effects. Unlike traditional case-control studies, the case$^2$ design compares treatment in two types of cases…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-03 Kan Chen , Ting Ye , Dylan S. Small

Nearly all statistical analyses that inform policy-making are based on imperfect data. As examples, the data may suffer from measurement errors, missing values, sample selection bias, or record linkage errors. Analysts have to decide how to…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-24 Adway S. Wadekar , Jerome P. Reiter

The comparison of different medical treatments from observational studies or across different clinical studies is often biased by confounding factors such as systematic differences in patient demographics or in the inclusion criteria for…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-05-15 Ekkehard Glimm , Lillian Yau

Sensitivity analyses reveal the influence of various modeling choices on the outcomes of statistical analyses. While theoretically appealing, they are overwhelmingly inefficient for complex Bayesian models. In this work, we propose…

In causal inference, sensitivity models assess how unmeasured confounders could alter causal analyses, but the sensitivity parameter -- which quantifies the degree of unmeasured confounding -- is often difficult to interpret. For this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-04 Alec McClean , Zach Branson , Edward H. Kennedy

The sensitivity of parameters in computational science problems is difficult to assess, especially for algorithms with multiple input parameters and diverse outputs. This work seeks to explore sensitivity analysis in the visualization…

Sensitivity analysis informs causal inference by assessing the sensitivity of conclusions to departures from assumptions. The consistency assumption states that there are no hidden versions of treatment and that the outcome arising…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-29 Brian Knaeble , Qinyun Lin , Erich Kummerfeld , Kenneth A. Frank

Sensitivity analysis is an important part of a mathematical modeller's toolbox for model analysis. In this review paper, we describe the most frequently used sensitivity techniques, discussing their advantages and limitations, before…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2020-01-14 George Qian , Adam Mahdi

We consider the estimation of average treatment effects in observational studies and propose a new framework of robust causal inference with unobserved confounders. Our approach is based on distributionally robust optimization and proceeds…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-06 Dimitris Bertsimas , Kosuke Imai , Michael Lingzhi Li