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Although deep neural networks have made tremendous progress in the area of multimedia representation, training neural models requires a large amount of data and time. It is well-known that utilizing trained models as initial weights often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-09 Yuki Nagai , Yusuke Uchida , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

Due to costly efforts during data acquisition and model training, Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) belong to the intellectual property of the model creator. Hence, unauthorized use, theft, or modification may lead to legal repercussions.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Torsten Krauß , Jasper Stang , Alexandra Dmitrienko

Watermarking techniques for large language models (LLMs), which encode hidden information in the output so its source can be verified, have gained significant attention in recent days, thanks to their potential capability to detect…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Juho Kim , Fei Fang , Tuomas Sandholm

We study how to watermark LLM outputs, i.e. embedding algorithmically detectable signals into LLM-generated text to track misuse. Unlike the current mainstream methods that work with a fixed LLM, we expand the watermark design space by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Xiaojun Xu , Yuanshun Yao , Yang Liu

Digital watermarking is a promising solution for mitigating some of the risks arising from the misuse of automatically generated text. These approaches either embed non-specific watermarks to allow for the detection of any text generated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Zihao Fu , Chris Russell

In this work we propose a novel technique to quantify how distracting watermarks are on an image. We begin with watermark detection using a two-tower CNN model composed of a binary classification task and a semantic segmentation prediction.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-13 Aurelia Guy , Sema Berkiten

The rapid advancement of deep learning has turned models into highly valuable assets due to their reliance on massive data and costly training processes. However, these models are increasingly vulnerable to leakage and theft, highlighting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Yunfei Yang , Xiaojun Chen , Zhendong Zhao , Yu Zhou , Xiaoyan Gu , Juan Cao

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into diverse industries, posing substantial security risks due to unauthorized replication and misuse. To mitigate these concerns, robust identification mechanisms are widely…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Xuhong Wang , Haoyu Jiang , Yi Yu , Jingru Yu , Yilun Lin , Ping Yi , Yingchun Wang , Yu Qiao , Li Li , Fei-Yue Wang

Text watermarking algorithms for large language models (LLMs) can effectively identify machine-generated texts by embedding and detecting hidden features in the text. Although the current text watermarking algorithms perform well in most…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Yijian Lu , Aiwei Liu , Dianzhi Yu , Jingjing Li , Irwin King

Knowing which words have been attended to in previous time steps while generating a translation is a rich source of information for predicting what words will be attended to in the future. We improve upon the attention model of Bahdanau et…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-07-19 Zichao Yang , Zhiting Hu , Yuntian Deng , Chris Dyer , Alex Smola

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer faster generation than autoregressive models while maintaining comparable quality, but existing watermarking methods fail on them due to their non-sequential decoding. Unlike autoregressive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Linyu Wu , Linhao Zhong , Wenjie Qu , Yuexin Li , Yue Liu , Shengfang Zhai , Chunhua Shen , Jiaheng Zhang

The research explores the utilization of a deep learning model employing an attention mechanism in medical text mining. It targets the challenge of analyzing unstructured text information within medical data. This research seeks to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Lingxi Xiao , Muqing Li , Yinqiu Feng , Meiqi Wang , Ziyi Zhu , Zexi Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating diverse and contextually rich text. However, concerns regarding copyright infringement arise as LLMs may inadvertently produce copyrighted material. In…

Text watermarks in large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used to detect synthetic text, mitigating misuse cases like fake news and academic dishonesty. While existing watermarking detection techniques primarily focus on classifying…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Xuandong Zhao , Chenwen Liao , Yu-Xiang Wang , Lei Li

Despite the tremendous success, deep neural networks are exposed to serious IP infringement risks. Given a target deep model, if the attacker knows its full information, it can be easily stolen by fine-tuning. Even if only its output is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-03-09 Jie Zhang , Dongdong Chen , Jing Liao , Weiming Zhang , Huamin Feng , Gang Hua , Nenghai Yu

This study proposes a text classification algorithm based on large language models, aiming to address the limitations of traditional methods in capturing long-range dependencies, understanding contextual semantics, and handling class…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Ning Lyu , Yuxi Wang , Feng Chen , Qingyuan Zhang

Watermarking the outputs of generative models has emerged as a promising approach for tracking their provenance. Despite significant interest in autoregressive image generation models and their potential for misuse, no prior work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Nikola Jovanović , Ismail Labiad , Tomáš Souček , Martin Vechev , Pierre Fernandez

As large language models (LLMs) grow more powerful, concerns over copyright infringement of LLM-generated texts have intensified. LLM watermarking has been proposed to trace unauthorized redistribution or resale of generated content by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Qihao Lin , Chen Tang , Lan zhang , Junyang zhang , Xiangyang Li

This paper introduces a novel problem, distributional information embedding, motivated by the practical demands of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional information embedding, which embeds information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) necessitates reliable methods to detect LLM-generated text. We introduce SimMark, a robust sentence-level watermarking algorithm that makes LLMs' outputs traceable without requiring…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Amirhossein Dabiriaghdam , Lele Wang