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The pretrained large language models (LLMs) are finetuned with labeled data for better instruction following ability and alignment with human values. In this paper, we study the learning dynamics of LLM finetuning on reasoning tasks and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Zhiwen Ruan , Yun Chen , Yutao Hou , Peng Li , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional multitasking abilities, fine-tuning these models on downstream, domain-specific datasets is often necessary to yield superior performance on test sets compared to their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Haoran Yang , Yumeng Zhang , Jiaqi Xu , Hongyuan Lu , Pheng Ann Heng , Wai Lam

Recently, Language Models (LMs) instruction-tuned on multiple tasks, also known as multitask-prompted fine-tuning (MT), have shown the capability to generalize to unseen tasks. Previous work has shown that scaling the number of training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Joel Jang , Seungone Kim , Seonghyeon Ye , Doyoung Kim , Lajanugen Logeswaran , Moontae Lee , Kyungjae Lee , Minjoon Seo

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, ensuring their alignment with human values becomes increasingly critical. Traditional alignment methods heavily rely on human feedback to fine-tune models. With the emergence of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Ruimeng Ye , Yang Xiao , Bo Hui

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with limited data poses a practical challenge in low-resource languages, specialized domains, and constrained deployment settings. While pre-trained LLMs provide strong foundations, effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Marton Szep , Daniel Rueckert , Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe , Florian Hinterwimmer

With Large Language Models (LLMs) rapidly approaching and potentially surpassing human-level performance, it has become imperative to develop approaches capable of effectively supervising and enhancing these powerful models using smaller,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Aakriti Agrawal , Mucong Ding , Zora Che , Chenghao Deng , Anirudh Satheesh , Bang An , Bayan Bruss , John Langford , Furong Huang

Language models (LMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in NLP, yet adapting them efficiently and robustly to specific tasks remains challenging. As their scale and complexity grow, fine-tuning LMs on labelled data often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-27 Zhengyan Shi

Standard techniques for aligning large language models (LLMs) utilize human-produced data, which could limit the capability of any aligned LLM to human level. Label refinement and weak training have emerged as promising strategies to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-26 Seamus Somerstep , Ya'acov Ritov , Mikhail Yurochkin , Subha Maity , Yuekai Sun

Foundation Models (FMs) are models trained on large corpora of data that, at very large scale, can generalize to new tasks without any task-specific finetuning. As these models continue to grow in size, innovations continue to push the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Avanika Narayan , Ines Chami , Laurel Orr , Simran Arora , Christopher Ré

Post-training of Large Language Models (LLMs) is crucial for unlocking their task generalization potential and domain-specific capabilities. However, the current LLM post-training paradigm faces significant data challenges, including the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Junyu Luo , Bohan Wu , Xiao Luo , Zhiping Xiao , Yiqiao Jin , Rong-Cheng Tu , Nan Yin , Yifan Wang , Jingyang Yuan , Wei Ju , Ming Zhang

In many domains, collecting sufficient labeled training data for supervised machine learning requires easily accessible but noisy sources, such as crowdsourcing services or tagged Web data. Noisy labels occur frequently in data sets…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-16 Matthew Klawonn , Eric Heim , James Hendler

Existing methods for evaluating large language models face challenges such as data contamination, sensitivity to prompts, and the high cost of benchmark creation. To address this, we propose a lossless data compression based evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Yucheng Li , Yunhao Guo , Frank Guerin , Chenghua Lin

Collecting high-quality training examples for language model fine-tuning is expensive, with practical budgets limiting the amount of data that can be procured. We investigate whether example difficulty affects GRPO training effectiveness by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Benjamin Pikus , Pratyush Ranjan Tiwari , Burton Ye

Recent advances in large language models have shown capabilities that are extraordinary and near-superhuman. These models operate with such complexity that reliably evaluating and aligning them proves challenging for humans. This leads to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Moses Charikar , Chirag Pabbaraju , Kirankumar Shiragur

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been achieving competent performance on a wide range of downstream tasks, yet existing work shows that inference on structured data is challenging for LLMs. This is because LLMs need to either understand…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Younghun Lee , Sungchul Kim , Ryan A. Rossi , Tong Yu , Xiang Chen

The impressive capabilities of large language models (LLMs) have sparked debate over whether these models genuinely generalize to unseen tasks or predominantly rely on memorizing vast amounts of pretraining data. To explore this issue, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Xinyi Wang , Antonis Antoniades , Yanai Elazar , Alfonso Amayuelas , Alon Albalak , Kexun Zhang , William Yang Wang

Widely used alignment techniques, such as reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF), rely on the ability of humans to supervise model behavior - for example, to evaluate whether a model faithfully followed instructions or generated…

Large-scale pre-trained models have achieved remarkable success in many applications, but how to leverage them to improve the prediction reliability of downstream models is undesirably under-explored. Moreover, modern neural networks have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Peng Cui , Dan Zhang , Zhijie Deng , Yinpeng Dong , Jun Zhu

Large language models are pre-trained on ever-growing token budgets under the assumption that better pre-training performance translates to improved downstream models. In this work, we challenge this assumption and show that extended…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Jacob Mitchell Springer , Sachin Goyal , Kaiyue Wen , Tanishq Kumar , Xiang Yue , Sadhika Malladi , Graham Neubig , Aditi Raghunathan

Common designs of model evaluation typically focus on monolingual settings, where different models are compared according to their performance on a single data set that is assumed to be representative of all possible data for the task at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-04-12 Zoey Liu , Emily Prud'hommeaux