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Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are widely used for their ability to effectively approximate large classes of functions. This flexibility, however, makes the strict enforcement of constraints on DNNs an open problem. Here we present a framework…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-10 Eric Marcus , Ray Sheombarsing , Jan-Jakob Sonke , Jonas Teuwen

We examine the necessary and sufficient complexity of neural networks to approximate functions from different smoothness spaces under the restriction of encodable network weights. Based on an entropy argument, we start by proving lower…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2020-09-21 Ingo Gühring , Mones Raslan

We consider a data-driven newsvendor problem, where one has access to past demand data and the associated feature information. We solve the problem by estimating the target quantile function using a deep neural network (DNN). The remarkable…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-10-01 Jinhui Han , Ming Hu , Guohao Shen

We study the expressivity of one-dimensional (1D) ReLU deep neural networks through the lens of their linear regions. For randomly initialized, fully connected 1D ReLU networks (He scaling with nonzero bias) in the infinite-width limit, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Jonathan Kogan , Hayden Jananthan , Jeremy Kepner

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have emerged as a powerful mechanism and are being increasingly deployed in real-world safety-critical domains. Despite the widespread success, their complex architecture makes proving any formal guarantees about…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-26 Saket Dingliwal , Divyansh Pareek , Jatin Arora

The theoretical explanation for deep neural network (DNN) is still an open problem. In this paper DNN is considered as a discrete-time dynamical system due to its layered structure. The complexity provided by the nonlinearity in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Husheng Li

Verifying correctness of deep neural networks (DNNs) is challenging. We study a generic reachability problem for feed-forward DNNs which, for a given set of inputs to the network and a Lipschitz-continuous function over its outputs,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Wenjie Ruan , Xiaowei Huang , Marta Kwiatkowska

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are increasingly being deployed to perform safety-critical tasks. The opacity of DNNs, which prevents humans from reasoning about them, presents new safety and security challenges. To address these challenges,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Omri Isac , Yoni Zohar , Clark Barrett , Guy Katz

We study the representation capacity of deep hyperbolic neural networks (HNNs) with a ReLU activation function. We establish the first proof that HNNs can $\varepsilon$-isometrically embed any finite weighted tree into a hyperbolic space of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Anastasis Kratsios , Ruiyang Hong , Haitz Sáez de Ocáriz Borde

This paper studies the approximation capacity of neural networks with an arbitrary activation function and with norm constraint on the weights. Upper and lower bounds on the approximation error of these networks are computed for smooth…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-24 Francesco Paolo Maiale , Anastasiia Trofimova , Arturo De Marinis

The impressive expressive power of deep neural networks (DNNs) underlies their widespread applicability. However, while the theoretical capacity of deep architectures is high, the practical expressive power achieved through successful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Zezhong Zhang , Feng Bao , Guannan Zhang

While deep learning models and techniques have achieved great empirical success, our understanding of the source of success in many aspects remains very limited. In an attempt to bridge the gap, we investigate the decision boundary of a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-01-03 Yu Li , Lizhong Ding , Xin Gao

The synergy between spiking neural networks and neuromorphic hardware holds promise for the development of energy-efficient AI applications. Inspired by this potential, we revisit the foundational aspects to study the capabilities of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Manjot Singh , Adalbert Fono , Gitta Kutyniok

Whilst the Universal Approximation Theorem guarantees the existence of approximations to Sobolev functions -- the natural function spaces for PDEs -- by Neural Networks (NNs) of sufficient size, low-regularity solutions may lead to poor…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2024-05-24 Jamie M. Taylor , David Pardo , Judit Muñoz-Matute

We study the approximation rates of a class of deep neural network approximations of operators which arise as data-to-solution maps $\mathcal{S}$ of linear elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs), and act between pairs $X,Y$ of…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-12-22 Carlo Marcati , Christoph Schwab

Singularly perturbed problems present inherent difficulty due to the presence of a thin boundary layer in its solution. To overcome this difficulty, we propose using deep operator networks (DeepONets), a method previously shown to be…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2023-06-30 Ting Du , Zhongyi Huang , Ye Li

With the advancement of deep learning, reducing computational complexity and memory consumption has become a critical challenge, and ternary neural networks (NNs) that restrict parameters to $\{-1, 0, +1\}$ have attracted attention as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Yuta Nakahara , Manabu Kobayashi , Toshiyasu Matsushima

A key challenge in scientific machine learning is solving partial differential equations (PDEs) on complex domains, where the curved geometry complicates the approximation of functions and their derivatives required by differential…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-09-26 Hanfei Zhou , Lei Shi

Physics-Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) have emerged as a powerful framework for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), yet they often fail to achieve accurate convergence in the H1 norm, especially in the presence of boundary…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-22 Qixuan Zhou , Chuqi Chen , Tao Luo , Yang Xiang

We study the interpolation power of deep ReLU neural networks. Specifically, we consider the question of how efficiently, in terms of the number of parameters, deep ReLU networks can interpolate values at $N$ datapoints in the unit ball…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Jonathan W. Siegel