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Despite being forbidden in equilibrium, spontaneous breaking of time translation symmetry can occur in periodically driven, Floquet systems with discrete time-translation symmetry. The period of the resulting discrete time crystal is…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2017-06-21 Norman Y. Yao , Andrew C. Potter , Ionut-Dragos Potirniche , Ashvin Vishwanath

We report the observation of a symmetry-protected topological time crystal, which is implemented with an array of programmable superconducting qubits. Unlike the time crystals reported in previous experiments, where spontaneous breaking of…

A discrete time crystal is a phase unique to nonequilibrium systems, where discrete time translation symmetry is spontaneously broken. Most of conventional time crystals proposed so far rely on spontaneous breaking of on-site symmetries and…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2018-08-30 Kaoru Mizuta , Kazuaki Takasan , Masaya Nakagawa , Norio Kawakami

Spontaneous symmetry breaking is one of the central organizing principles in physics. Time crystals have emerged as an exotic phase of matter, spontaneously breaking the time translational symmetry, and are mainly categorized as discrete or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Jan Carlo Schumann , Igor Lesanovsky , Parvinder Solanki

While a generic open quantum system decays to its steady state, continuous time crystals (CTCs) develop spontaneous oscillation and never converge to a stationary state. Just as crystals develop correlations in space, CTCs do so in time.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-23 Parvinder Solanki , Fabrizio Minganti

Time crystals are an enigmatic phase of matter in which a quantum mechanical system displays repetitive, observable motion - they spontaneously break the time translation symmetry. On the other hand optomechanical systems, where mechanical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 J. T. Mäkinen , P. J. Heikkinen , S. Autti , V. V. Zavjalov , V. B. Eltsov

Discrete time crystals (DTCs) are emergent non-equilibrium phases of periodically driven many-body systems, with potential applications ranging from quantum computing to sensing and metrology. There has been significant recent interest in…

When the discrete time-translation symmetry of isolated, periodically driven systems is spontaneously broken, a new phase of matter can emerge. We review some recent developments on both the theoretical underpinnings and experimental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-28 Norman Y. Yao , Chetan Nayak

Time crystals are a nonequilibrium phase of matter that extend fundamental spontaneous symmetry breaking into the temporal dimension, typically requiring external driving for their realization. Here, we explore the nonequilibrium phase…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-13 Shu Yang , Zeqing Wang , Libin Fu , Jianwen Jie

Time crystals are many-body systems whose ground state spontaneously breaks time-translation symmetry and thus exhibits long-range spatiotemporal order and robust periodic motion. Using hydrodynamics, we have recently shown how an…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-15 R. Hurtado-Gutiérrez , C. Pérez-Espigares , P. I. Hurtado

Discrete time crystals (DTC) exhibit a special non-equilibrium phase of matter in periodically driven many-body systems with spontaneous breaking of time translational symmetry. The presence of decoherence generally enhances thermalization…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-31 Rozhin Yousefjani , Angelo Carollo , Krzysztof Sacha , Saif Al-Kuwari , Abolfazl Bayat

We analyse nonequilibrium phase transitions in microcavity polariton condensates trapped in optically induced annular potentials. We develop an analytic model for annular optical traps, which gives an intuitive interpretation for recent…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2019-03-27 A. V. Nalitov , H. Sigurdsson , S. Morina , Y. S. Krivosenko , I. V. Iorsh , Y. G. Rubo , A. V. Kavokin , I. A. Shelykh

Time crystals are genuinely non-equilibrium quantum phases of matter that break time-translational symmetry. While in non-equilibrium closed systems time crystals have been experimentally realized, it remains an open question whether or not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-05-27 Andreu Riera-Campeny , Maria Moreno-Cardoner , Anna Sanpera

Periodically driven systems provide unique opportunities to investigate the dynamics of topological excitations far from equilibrium. In this paper, we report a time-crystalline soliton (TCS) state in a driven-dissipative $\phi^4$ model.…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-12 Xingdong Luo , Zhizhen Chen

We investigated the dynamics of Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs) under an external periodic potential. We consider two such systems, the first being made of exciton-polaritons in a nanoribbon of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs),…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-03-16 Gabriel P. Martins , Oleg L. Berman , Godfrey Gumbs

Continuous time-translation symmetry is often spontaneously broken in open quantum systems, and the condition for their emergence has been actively investigated. However, there are only a few cases in which its condition for appearance has…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-10 Yuma Nakanishi , Ryo Hanai , Tomohiro Sasamoto

A discrete time crystal (DTC) is a robust phase of driven systems that breaks the discrete time translation symmetry of the driving Hamiltonian. Recent experiments have observed DTC signatures in two distinct systems. Here we show nuclear…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-05-18 Jared Rovny , Robert L. Blum , Sean E. Barrett

Time crystals, a phase showing spontaneous breaking of time-translation symmetry, has been an intriguing subject for systems far away from equilibrium. Recent experiments found such a phase both in the presence and absence of localization,…

Quantum Gases · Physics 2018-03-21 Biao Huang , Ying-Hai Wu , W. Vincent Liu

The notion of spontaneous symmetry breaking has been well established to characterize classical and quantum phase transitions of matter, such as in condensation, crystallization or quantum magnetism. Generalizations of this paradigm to the…

Time crystals appear when systems display a commensurate spontaneous breaking of the discrete time translational invariance imposed by an external periodic drive. No consensus on the definition has been reached as yet, but important aspects…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-01-18 Robin Schäfer , Götz S. Uhrig , Joachim Stolze