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Decentralized finance, i.e., DeFi, has become the most popular type of application on many public blockchains (e.g., Ethereum) in recent years. Compared to the traditional finance, DeFi allows customers to flexibly participate in diverse…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Bin Wang , Han Liu , Chao Liu , Zhiqiang Yang , Qian Ren , Huixuan Zheng , Hong Lei

Price manipulation attack is one of the notorious threats in decentralized finance (DeFi) applications, which allows attackers to exchange tokens at an extensively deviated price from the market. Existing efforts usually rely on reactive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Bosi Zhang , Ningyu He , Xiaohui Hu , Kai Ma , Haoyu Wang

Ethereum Smart contracts use blockchain to transfer values among peers on networks without central agency. These programs are deployed on decentralized applications running on top of the blockchain consensus protocol to enable people to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-05-10 Noama Fatima Samreen , Manar H. Alalfi

This paper introduces a method for detecting vulnerabilities in smart contracts using static analysis and a multi-objective optimization algorithm. We focus on four types of vulnerabilities: reentrancy, call stack overflow, integer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-02 Dongcheng Li , W. Eric Wong , Xiaodan Wang , Sean Pan , Liang-Seng Koh

The number of attacks and accidents leading to significant losses of crypto-assets is growing. According to Chainalysis, in 2021, approx. $14 billion has been lost due to various incidents, and this number is dominated by Decentralized…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Eske Hoy Nielsen , Danil Annenkov , Bas Spitters

Smart contracts are autonomous software executing predefined conditions. Two of the biggest advantages of the smart contracts are secured protocols and transaction costs reduction. On the Ethereum platform, an open-source blockchain-based…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2019-05-27 Jeremy Charlier , Radu Statem , Jean Hilger

Blockchains are modern distributed systems that provide decentralized financial capabilities with trustable guarantees. Smart contracts are programs written in specialized programming languages running on a blockchain and govern how tokens…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-07-11 Margarita Capretto , Martin Ceresa , Cesar Sanchez

Decentralized finance (DeFi) is known for its unique mechanism design, which applies smart contracts to facilitate peer-to-peer transactions. The decentralized bank is a typical DeFi application. Ideally, a decentralized bank should be…

General Economics · Economics 2025-08-11 Yufan Zhang , Zichao Chen , Yutong Sun , Yulin Liu , Luyao Zhang

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) attacks have resulted in significant losses, often orchestrated through Adversarial Exploiter Contracts (AECs) that exploit vulnerabilities in victim smart contracts. To proactively identify such threats, this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Xng Ai , Shudan Lin , Zecheng Li , Kai Zhou , Bixin Li , Bin Xiao

Decentralized Exchanges (DEXs), leveraging blockchain technology and smart contracts, have emerged in decentralized finance. However, the DEX project with multi-contract interaction is accompanied by complex state logic, which makes it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-16 Zongwei Li , Wenkai Li , Xiaoqi Li , Yuqing Zhang

Decentralized Finance (DeFi) on Ethereum has undergone significant transformations since its emergence during the DeFi summer of 2020. With the introduction of Proof of Stake (PoS) and Proposer-Builder Separation (PBS), the transaction…

General Economics · Economics 2025-05-27 Paul Janicot , Alex Vinyas

Smart contract (SC) platforms form blocks of transactions into a chain and execute them via user-defined smart contracts. In conventional platforms like Bitcoin and Ethereum, the transactions within a block are executed \emph{sequentially}…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2020-04-10 Quan Nguyen , Andre Cronje , Michael Kong

Smart contract technology facilitates self-executing agreements on the blockchain, eliminating dependency on an external trusted authority. However, smart contracts may expose vulnerabilities that can lead to financial losses and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Emre Balci , Timucin Aydede , Gorkem Yilmaz , Ece Gelal Soyak

Despite the high stakes involved in smart contracts, they are often developed in an undisciplined manner, leaving the security and reliability of blockchain transactions at risk. In this paper, we introduce ContraMaster: an oracle-supported…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-09-19 Haijun Wang , Yi Li , Shang-Wei Lin , Cyrille Artho , Lei Ma , Yang Liu

Scam contracts on Ethereum have rapidly evolved alongside the rise of DeFi and NFT ecosystems, utilizing increasingly complex code obfuscation techniques to avoid early detection. This paper systematically investigates how obfuscation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Zhang Sheng , Tan Kia Quang , Shen Wang , Shengchen Duan , Kai Li , Yue Duan

Decentralized applications are often composed of multiple interconnected smart contracts. This is especially evident in DeFi, where protocols are heavily intertwined and rely on a variety of basic building blocks such as tokens,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Emily Priyadarshini , Massimo Bartoletti

Much of the recent excitement around decentralized finance (DeFi) comes from hopes that DeFi can be a secure, private, less centralized alternative to traditional finance systems. However, people moving to DeFi sites in hopes of improving…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Philipp Winter , Anna Harbluk Lorimer , Peter Snyder , Benjamin Livshits

Smart contracts have transformed decentralized finance by enabling programmable, trustless transactions. However, their widespread adoption and growing financial significance have attracted persistent and sophisticated threats, such as…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Pasquale De Rosa , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni

Hackers may create malicious solidity programs and deploy it in the Ethereum block chain. These malicious smart contracts try to attack legitimate programs by exploiting its vulnerabilities such as reentrancy, tx.origin attack, bad…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Roopak Surendran

Financial options are fundamental to traditional markets, enabling strategies ranging from hedging to speculating. Yet, while the Automated Market Maker paradigm has revolutionized decentralized spot markets, no equivalent standard has…

Mathematical Finance · Quantitative Finance 2026-05-20 Maxim Bichuch , Zachary Feinstein