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Since the introduction of the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), software developers increasingly have to make privacy-related decisions during system design and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Stefan Albert Horstmann , Sandy Hong , Maziar Niazian , Cristiana Santos , Alena Naiakshina

Personal data has emerged as a highly valuable yet sensitive asset that drives business decisions, enables targeted advertising, and generates substantial revenue for companies, while simultaneously facilitating invasive monitoring of…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shantanu Sharma , Ethan Myers , Lorenzo De Carli , Ritwik Banerjee , Indrakshi Ray

Most websites offer their content for free, though this gratuity often comes with a counterpart: personal data is collected to finance these websites by resorting, mostly, to tracking and thus targeted advertising. Cookie walls and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-27 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Yvonne Lintao , Soheil Human

Data protection regulations such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) in the European Union and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) in the US affect how software may handle the personal data of its users. Prior literature…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Anne Henning , Lukas Schulte , Steffen Herbold , Oksana Kulyk , Peter Mayer

Cookie paywalls allow visitors to access the content of a website only after making a choice between paying a fee (paying option) or accepting tracking (cookie option). The practice has been studied in previous research in regard to its…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Andreas Stenwreth , Simon Täng , Victor Morel

Cookie paywalls allow visitors of a website to access its content only after they make a choice between paying a fee or accept tracking. European Data Protection Authorities (DPAs) recently issued guidelines and decisions on paywalls…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-10-16 Victor Morel , Cristiana Santos , Viktor Fredholm , Adam Thunberg

Third-party tracking, the collection and sharing of behavioural data about individuals, is a significant and ubiquitous privacy threat in mobile apps. The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced in 2018 to protect…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-12-22 Konrad Kollnig , Reuben Binns , Max Van Kleek , Ulrik Lyngs , Jun Zhao , Claudine Tinsman , Nigel Shadbolt

On January 1, 2020, California passed the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) by more than 56% of voters intended to enhance privacy rights and consumer protection for residents of California, United States. Since then, more conditions…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-09-13 Trong Nguyen

Internet of Things (IoT) applications have the potential to derive sensitive information about individuals. Therefore, developers must exercise due diligence to make sure that data are managed according to the privacy regulations and data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Atheer Aljeraisy , Masoud Barati , Omer Rana , Charith Perera

The GDPR requires websites to facilitate the right to revoke consent from Web users. While numerous studies measured compliance of consent with the various consent requirements, no prior work has studied consent revocation on the Web.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Gayatri Priyadarsini Kancherla , Nataliia Bielova , Cristiana Santos , Abhishek Bichhawat

To comply with data protection regulations such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), websites widely deploy cookie consent banners to collect users' privacy preferences. In…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Nivedita Singh , Seyoung Jin , Hyoungshick Kim

Ample research has demonstrated that compliance with data protection principles remains limited on the web and mobile. For example, almost none of the apps on the Google Play Store fulfil the minimum requirements regarding consent under EU…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Konrad Kollnig

Free and open source software has gained a lot of momentum in the industry and the research community. The latest advances in privacy legislation, including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Georgia M. Kapitsaki , Maria Papoutsoglou

To protect users' privacy, legislators have regulated the usage of tracking technologies, mandating the acquisition of users' consent before collecting data. Consequently, websites started showing more and more consent management modules --…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-09-14 Nikhil Jha , Martino Trevisan , Luca Vassio , Marco Mellia

Privacy policies are often complex. An exception is the two-page standardized notice that U.S. financial institutions must provide under the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act (GLBA). However, banks now operate websites, mobile apps, and other services…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Lu Xian , Van Tran , Lauren Lee , Meera Kumar , Yichen Zhang , Florian Schaub

To what extent are users surveilled on the web, by what technologies, and by whom? We answer these questions by combining passively observed, anonymized browsing data of a large, representative sample of Americans with domain-level data on…

Applications · Statistics 2026-01-01 Lucas Shen , Gaurav Sood

EU Directive 95/46/EC and the upcoming EU General Data Protection Regulation grant Europeans the right of access to data pertaining to them. Consumers can approach their service providers to obtain all personal data stored and processed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2016-04-12 Dominik Herrmann , Jens Lindemann

A website browser cookie is a small file created by a web server upon visitation, which is placed in the user's browser directory to enhance the user's experience. However, first and third-party cookies have become a significant threat to…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-11-15 Matthew Wheeler , Suleiman Saka , Sanchari Das

Web cookies are ubiquitously used to track and profile the behavior of users. Although there is a solid empirical foundation for understanding the use of cookies in the global world wide web, thus far, limited attention has been devoted for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2018-01-25 Jukka Ruohonen , Ville Leppänen

The California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) provides California residents with a range of enhanced privacy protections and rights. Our research investigated the extent to which Android app developers comply with the provisions of the CCPA…