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Binary similarity involves determining whether two binary programs exhibit similar functionality, often originating from the same source code. In this work, we propose VexIR2Vec, an approach for binary similarity using VEX-IR, an…

As emerging attacks increasingly target Industrial Control Systems (ICS), the security of Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) has become a critical concern. Binary Code Analysis (BCA), which enables analysts to understand compiled…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Ang Jia , Yaxin Duan , He Jiang , Zhenzhou Tian , Zhilei Ren , Xiaochen Li

Binary code analysis plays an essential role in cybersecurity, facilitating reverse engineering to reveal the inner workings of programs in the absence of source code. Traditional approaches, such as static and dynamic analysis, extract…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jiyong Uhm , Minseok Kim , Michalis Polychronakis , Hyungjoon Koo

In this paper, we address the problem of finding a correspondence, or matching, between the functions of two programs in binary form, which is one of the most common task in binary diffing. We introduce a new formulation of this problem as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Elie Mengin , Fabrice Rossi

Binary Code Similarity Analysis (BCSA) has a wide spectrum of applications, including plagiarism detection, vulnerability discovery, and malware analysis, thus drawing significant attention from the security community. However, conventional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Fei Zuo , Cody Tompkins , Qiang Zeng , Lannan Luo , Yung Ryn Choe , Junghwan Rhee

Similarity query is the family of queries based on some similarity metrics. Unlike the traditional database queries which are mostly based on value equality, similarity queries aim to find targets "similar enough to" the given data objects,…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Yifan Wang

Security of software supply chains is necessary to ensure that software updates do not contain maliciously injected code or introduce vulnerabilities that may compromise the integrity of critical infrastructure. Verifying the integrity of…

Similarity-preserving hashing is a widely-used method for nearest neighbour search in large-scale image retrieval tasks. There has been considerable research on generating efficient image representation via the deep-network-based hashing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2017-10-20 Hanjiang Lai , Yan Pan

Automatically generating function summaries for binaries is an extremely valuable but challenging task, since it involves translating the execution behavior and semantics of the low-level language (assembly code) into human-readable natural…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Tong Ye , Lingfei Wu , Tengfei Ma , Xuhong Zhang , Yangkai Du , Peiyu Liu , Shouling Ji , Wenhai Wang

Detecting semantically similar functions -- a crucial analysis capability with broad real-world security usages including vulnerability detection, malware lineage, and forensics -- requires understanding function behaviors and intentions.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-04-28 Kexin Pei , Zhou Xuan , Junfeng Yang , Suman Jana , Baishakhi Ray

Binary function similarity, which often relies on learning-based algorithms to identify what functions in a pool are most similar to a given query function, is a sought-after topic in different communities, including machine learning,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Gianluca Capozzi , Tong Tang , Jie Wan , Ziqi Yang , Daniele Cono D'Elia , Giuseppe Antonio Di Luna , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Leonardo Querzoni

Measuring and evaluating source code similarity is a fundamental software engineering activity that embraces a broad range of applications, including but not limited to code recommendation, duplicate code, plagiarism, malware, and smell…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Morteza Zakeri-Nasrabadi , Saeed Parsa , Mohammad Ramezani , Chanchal Roy , Masoud Ekhtiarzadeh

Finding the same or similar code snippets in source code is one of fundamental activities in software maintenance. Text-based pattern matching tools such as grep is frequently used for such purpose, but making proper queries for the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2020-03-13 Katsuro Inoue , Yuya Miyamoto , Daniel M. German , Takashi Ishio

In Bag-of-Words (BoW) based image retrieval, the SIFT visual word has a low discriminative power, so false positive matches occur prevalently. Apart from the information loss during quantization, another cause is that the SIFT feature only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-04-15 Liang Zheng , Shengjin Wang , Ziqiong Liu , Qi Tian

Infrared-visible (IR-VIS) feature matching plays an essential role in cross-modality visual localization, navigation and perception. Along with the rapid development of deep learning techniques, a number of representative image matching…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Liangzheng Sun , Mengfan He , Xingyu Shao , Binbin Li , Zhiqiang Yan , Chunyu Li , Ziyang Meng , Fei Xing

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

Data-flow analysis is a critical component of security research. Theoretically, accurate data-flow analysis in binary executables is an undecidable problem, due to complexities of binary code. Practically, many binary analysis engines offer…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Nicolaas Weideman , Sima Arasteh , Mukund Raghothaman , Jelena Mirkovic , Christophe Hauser

In software reverse engineering, decompilation is the process of recovering source code from binary files. Decompilers are used when it is necessary to understand or analyze software for which the source code is not available. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-02-25 Javier Escalada , Ted Scully , Francisco Ortin

Semantic code clone detection is the task of detecting whether two snippets of code implement the same functionality (e.g., Sort Array). Recently, many neural models achieved near-perfect performance on this task. These models seek to make…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Konstantinos Kitsios , Francesco Sovrano , Earl T. Barr , Alberto Bacchelli

Backdoor attacks allow an attacker to embed a specific vulnerability in a machine learning algorithm, activated when an attacker-chosen pattern is presented, causing a specific misprediction. The need to identify backdoors in biometric…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Alexander Unnervik , Hatef Otroshi Shahreza , Anjith George , Sébastien Marcel