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While advances in quantum computing promise new opportunities for scientific advancement (e.g., material science and machine learning), many people are not aware that they also threaten the widely deployed cryptographic algorithms that are…

Since the 1960s Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems have been used within industry. Referred to as critical infrastructure (CI), key installations such as power stations, water treatment and energy grids are controlled…

Despite increasing advancements in today's information exchange infrastructure, the preservation of user data and privacy still remains a problem. Both insecure baselines and secure solutions leak user data. For example, Certificate…

National digital identity systems have become a key requirement for easy access to online public services, specially during Covid-19. While many countries have adopted a national digital identity system, many are still in the process of…

As Critical National Infrastructures are becoming more vulnerable to cyber attacks, their protection becomes a significant issue for any organization as well as a nation. Moreover, the ability to attribute is a vital element of avoiding…

OpenPGP, an IETF Proposed Standard based on PGP application, has its own Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) architecture which is different from the one based on X.509, another standard from ITU. This paper describes the OpenPGP PKI; the…

The improvements on quantum technology are threatening our daily cybersecurity, as a capable quantum computer can break all currently employed asymmetric cryptosystems. In preparation for the quantum-era the National Institute of Standards…

The COVID-19 pandemic has exposed several weaknesses in the public health infrastructure, including supply chain mechanisms and public health ICT systems. The expansion of testing and contact tracing has been key to identifying and…

This paper examines the erosion of Public Key Cryptography (PKC) security under adaptive adversarial optimisation driven by artificial intelligence. The problem addressed is the growing mismatch between algorithm-centric cryptographic…

The widespread use of the Internet has posed challenges to existing centralized physical infrastructure networks. Issues such as data privacy risks, service disruptions, and substantial expansion costs have emerged. To address these…

Power system operation is of vital importance and must be developed far beyond today's practice to meet future needs. Almost all European countries are facing an abrupt and very important increase of renewables with intrinsically varying…

Decentralised identifiers have become a standardised element of digital identity architecture, with supra-national organisations such as the European Union adopting them as a key component for a unified European digital identity ledger.…

Sensitive digital data, such as health information or governmental archives, are often stored for decades or centuries. The processing of such data calls for long-term security. Secure channels on the Internet require robust key…

Electronic identities (eIDs) are crucial in an increasingly digitalized environment. Pseudonyms, as offered by Austria's governmental sector-specific personal identifiers (bPks), can significantly improve privacy by ensuring that personal…

The 3GPP 5G Service-based Architecture (SBA) security specifications leave several details on how to setup an appropriate Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) for 5G SBA, unspecified. In this work, we propose 5G-SBA-PKI, a public key…

Cyber security initiatives provide immense opportunities for governments to educate, train, create awareness, and promote cyber hygiene among businesses and the general public. Creating and promoting these initiatives are necessary steps…

The rise of quantum computers exposes vulnerabilities in current public key cryptographic protocols, necessitating the development of secure post-quantum (PQ) schemes. Hence, we conduct a comprehensive study on various PQ approaches,…

Industrial Control Systems (ICS) underpin the United States' critical infrastructure, managing essential services such as power, water, and transportation that are vital to national security and public safety. However, increasing digital…

Signatures are primarily used as a mark of authenticity, to demonstrate that the sender of a message is who they claim to be. In the current digital age, signatures underpin trust in the vast majority of information that we exchange,…

With the advent of machine learning in applications of critical infrastructure such as healthcare and energy, privacy is a growing concern in the minds of stakeholders. It is pivotal to ensure that neither the model nor the data can be used…