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Counterfactual inference aims to estimate the counterfactual outcome at the individual level given knowledge of an observed treatment and the factual outcome, with broad applications in fields such as epidemiology, econometrics, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Peng Wu , Haoxuan Li , Chunyuan Zheng , Yan Zeng , Jiawei Chen , Yang Liu , Ruocheng Guo , Kun Zhang

Audio is one of the most used ways of human communication, but at the same time it can be easily misused to trick people. With the revolution of AI, the related technologies are now accessible to almost everyone, thus making it simple for…

Most modern approaches for audio processing are opaque, in the sense that they do not provide an explanation for their decisions. For this reason, various methods have been proposed to explain the outputs generated by these models. Good…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Cecilia Bolaños , Leonardo Pepino , Martin Meza , Luciana Ferrer

Audio captioning is a multi-modal task, focusing on using natural language for describing the contents of general audio. Most audio captioning methods are based on deep neural networks, employing an encoder-decoder scheme and a dataset with…

Sound · Computer Science 2020-07-10 Emre Çakır , Konstantinos Drossos , Tuomas Virtanen

Speech data has rich acoustic and paralinguistic information with important cues for understanding a speaker's tone, emotion, and intent, yet traditional large language models such as BERT do not incorporate this information. There has been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Fatema Hasan , Yulong Li , James Foulds , Shimei Pan , Bishwaranjan Bhattacharjee

We can consider Counterfactuals as belonging in the domain of Discourse structure and semantics, A core area in Natural Language Understanding and in this paper, we introduce an approach to resolving counterfactual detection as well as the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Kelechi Nwaike , Licheng Jiao

Natural language counterfactual generation aims to minimally modify a given text such that the modified text will be classified into a different class. The generated counterfactuals provide insight into the reasoning behind a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yongjie Wang , Xiaoqi Qiu , Yu Yue , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Yuhong Feng , Zhiqi Shen

Zero-shot audio classification aims to recognize and classify a sound class that the model has never seen during training. This paper presents a novel approach for zero-shot audio classification using automatically generated sound attribute…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-22 Xuenan Xu , Pingyue Zhang , Ming Yan , Ji Zhang , Mengyue Wu

The intuitive interaction between the audio and visual modalities is valuable for cross-modal self-supervised learning. This concept has been demonstrated for generic audiovisual tasks like video action recognition and acoustic scene…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-07-14 Abhinav Shukla , Stavros Petridis , Maja Pantic

Contrastive learning has shown remarkable success in the field of multimodal representation learning. In this paper, we propose a pipeline of contrastive language-audio pretraining to develop an audio representation by combining audio data…

Dual-encoder-based audio retrieval systems are commonly optimized with contrastive learning on a set of matching and mismatching audio-caption pairs. This leads to a shared embedding space in which corresponding items from the two…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-22 Paul Primus , Florian Schmid , Gerhard Widmer

Even in the absence of any explicit semantic annotation, vast collections of audio recordings provide valuable information for learning the categorical structure of sounds. We consider several class-agnostic semantic constraints that apply…

Sound effects play an essential role in producing high-quality radio stories but require enormous labor cost to add. In this paper, we address the problem of automatically adding sound effects to radio stories with a retrieval-based model.…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-08-22 Songwei Ge , Curtis Xuan , Ruihua Song , Chao Zou , Wei Liu , Jin Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have transformed natural language processing (NLP), enabling diverse applications by integrating large-scale pre-trained knowledge. However, their static knowledge limits dynamic reasoning over external…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Harshad Khadilkar , Abhay Gupta

Counterfactual reasoning, a cornerstone of human cognition and decision-making, is often seen as the 'holy grail' of causal learning, with applications ranging from interpreting machine learning models to promoting algorithmic fairness.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Yahya Aalaila , Gerrit Großmann , Sumantrak Mukherjee , Jonas Wahl , Sebastian Vollmer

Recent work on language model self-improvement shows that models can refine their own reasoning through reflection, verification, debate, or self-generated rewards. However, most existing approaches rely on external critics, learned reward…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Mandar Parab

Audio captioning aims at describing the content of audio clips with human language. Due to the ambiguity of audio, different people may perceive the same audio differently, resulting in caption disparities (i.e., one audio may correlate to…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-04-19 Yiming Zhang , Hong Yu , Ruoyi Du , Zhanyu Ma , Yuan Dong

Understanding and explaining differences between audio recordings is crucial for fields like audio forensics, quality assessment, and audio generation. This involves identifying and describing audio events, acoustic scenes, signal…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Soham Deshmukh , Shuo Han , Rita Singh , Bhiksha Raj

The growing integration of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) models into high-stakes domains such as healthcare and scientific research calls for models that are not only accurate but also interpretable. Among the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Zhuo Cao , Xuan Zhao , Lena Krieger , Hanno Scharr , Ira Assent

Respiratory sound classification is an important tool for remote screening of respiratory-related diseases such as pneumonia, asthma, and COVID-19. To facilitate the interpretability of classification results, especially ones based on deep…

Sound · Computer Science 2022-03-31 Yi Chang , Zhao Ren , Thanh Tam Nguyen , Wolfgang Nejdl , Björn W. Schuller