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Machine learning (ML) models have been shown to be vulnerable to Membership Inference Attacks (MIA), which infer the membership of a given data point in the target dataset by observing the prediction output of the ML model. While the key…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-28 Shakila Mahjabin Tonni , Dinusha Vatsalan , Farhad Farokhi , Dali Kaafar , Zhigang Lu , Gioacchino Tangari

A Membership Inference Attack (MIA) assesses how much a target machine learning model reveals about its training data by determining whether specific query instances were part of the training set. State-of-the-art MIAs rely on training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yuntao Du , Yuetian Chen , Hanshen Xiao , Bruno Ribeiro , Ninghui Li

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly trained on tabular data, which, unlike unstructured text, often contains personally identifiable information (PII) in a highly structured and explicit format. As a result, privacy risks arise,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Eyal German , Sagiv Antebi , Daniel Samira , Asaf Shabtai , Yuval Elovici

Previous studies have developed fairness methods for biased models that exhibit discriminatory behaviors towards specific subgroups. While these models have shown promise in achieving fair predictions, recent research has identified their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-28 Huan Tian , Guangsheng Zhang , Bo Liu , Tianqing Zhu , Ming Ding , Wanlei Zhou

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) against machine learning (ML) models aim to determine whether a given data point was part of the model training data. These attacks may pose significant privacy risks to individuals whose sensitive data…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Mona Khalil , Alberto Blanco-Justicia , Najeeb Jebreel , Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) attempt to predict whether a particular datapoint is a member of a target model's training data. Despite extensive research on traditional machine learning models, there has been limited work studying MIA…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in a variety of applications, but concerns around membership inference have grown in parallel. Previous efforts focus on black-to-grey-box models, thus neglecting the potential benefit from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Luis Ibanez-Lissen , Lorena Gonzalez-Manzano , Jose Maria de Fuentes , Nicolas Anciaux , Joaquin Garcia-Alfaro

A membership inference attack (MIA) against a machine-learning model enables an attacker to determine whether a given data record was part of the model's training data or not. In this paper, we provide an in-depth study of the phenomenon of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Bogdan Kulynych , Mohammad Yaghini , Giovanni Cherubin , Michael Veale , Carmela Troncoso

Membership inference attack (MIA) has become one of the most widely used and effective methods for evaluating the privacy risks of machine learning models. These attacks aim to determine whether a specific sample is part of the model's…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Jing Xue , Zhishen Sun , Haishan Ye , Luo Luo , Xiangyu Chang , Ivor Tsang , Guang Dai

The lack of data transparency in Large Language Models (LLMs) has highlighted the importance of Membership Inference Attack (MIA), which differentiates trained (member) and untrained (non-member) data. Though it shows success in previous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-19 Bowen Chen , Namgi Han , Yusuke Miyao

With the rapid advancement of deep learning technology, pre-trained encoder models have demonstrated exceptional feature extraction capabilities, playing a pivotal role in the research and application of deep learning. However, their…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Ruining Sun , Hongsheng Hu , Wei Luo , Zhaoxi Zhang , Yanjun Zhang , Haizhuan Yuan , Leo Yu Zhang

The high cost of model training makes it increasingly desirable to develop techniques for unlearning. These techniques seek to remove the influence of a training example without having to retrain the model from scratch. Intuitively, once a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Jamie Hayes , Ilia Shumailov , Eleni Triantafillou , Amr Khalifa , Nicolas Papernot

Machine learning (ML) models have been widely applied to various applications, including image classification, text generation, audio recognition, and graph data analysis. However, recent studies have shown that ML models are vulnerable to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Hongsheng Hu , Zoran Salcic , Lichao Sun , Gillian Dobbie , Philip S. Yu , Xuyun Zhang

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging solution to the data scarcity problem for training deep learning models in hardware assurance. While FL is designed to enhance privacy by not sharing raw data, it remains vulnerable to Membership…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-23 Gijung Lee , Wavid Bowman , Olivia P. Dizon-Paradis , Reiner N. Dizon-Paradis , Ronald Wilson , Damon L. Woodard , Domenic Forte

Several membership inference (MI) attacks have been proposed to audit a target DNN. Given a set of subjects, MI attacks tell which subjects the target DNN has seen during training. This work focuses on the post-training MI attacks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-12 Hassan Ali , Adnan Qayyum , Ala Al-Fuqaha , Junaid Qadir

Membership inference attacks (MIAs) aim to determine whether a data sample was included in a machine learning (ML) model's training set and have become the de facto standard for measuring privacy leakages in ML. We propose an evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Najeeb Jebreel , David Sánchez , Josep Domingo-Ferrer

Machine learning algorithms, when applied to sensitive data, pose a potential threat to privacy. A growing body of prior work has demonstrated that membership inference attack (MIA) can disclose specific private information in the training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-01-27 Bo Zhang , Ruotong Yu , Haipei Sun , Yanying Li , Jun Xu , Hui Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed to enable or improve a multitude of real-world applications. Given the large size of their training data sets, their tendency to memorize training data raises serious privacy and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Pedram Zaree , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Yue Dong , Ihsen Alouani , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

Large language models (LLMs) are trained on massive web-scale corpora, raising growing concerns about privacy and copyright. Membership inference attacks (MIAs) aim to determine whether a given example was used during training. Existing LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Ravi Ranjan , Utkarsh Grover , Xiaomin Lin , Agoritsa Polyzou

Machine learning (ML) models are vulnerable to membership inference attacks (MIAs), which determine whether a given input is used for training the target model. While there have been many efforts to mitigate MIAs, they often suffer from…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Zitao Chen , Karthik Pattabiraman