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As Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems are increasingly used in high-stakes educational settings, concerns regarding algorithmic bias against English as a Second Language (ESL) learners have increased. Current Transformer-based regression…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Kevin Fan , Eric Yun

As machine learning models are increasingly used in educational settings, from detecting at-risk students to predicting student performance, algorithmic bias and its potential impacts on students raise critical concerns about algorithmic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Woojin Kim , Hyeoncheol Kim

For research to go in the right direction, it is essential to be able to compare and quantify performance of different algorithms focused on the same problem. Choosing a suitable evaluation metric requires deep understanding of the pursued…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-12-05 Jan Brabec , Lukas Machlica

Psychosocial constructs can only be assessed indirectly, and measures are typically formed by a combination of indicators that are thought to relate to the construct. Reflective and formative measurement models offer different…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-02-24 Tyler J. VanderWeele

Everyday decisions often involve many different levels. What connects these higher and lower level decisions hierarchy to one another determines how the cause(s) of failures are interpreted. It is hypothesized that decision confidence…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-11-01 Amir. M Mousavi Harris , Jamal Esmaily , Sajjad Zabbah , Reza Ebrahimpour , Bahador Bahrami

Various measures have been proposed to quantify human-like social biases in word embeddings. However, bias scores based on these measures can suffer from measurement error. One indication of measurement quality is reliability, concerning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Yupei Du , Qixiang Fang , Dong Nguyen

We consider missingness in the context of causal inference when the outcome of interest may be missing. If the outcome directly affects its own missingness status, i.e., it is "self-censoring", this may lead to severely biased causal effect…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-12 Jacob M Chen , Daniel Malinsky , Rohit Bhattacharya

In standardized educational testing, test items are reused in multiple test administrations. To ensure the validity of test scores, the psychometric properties of items should remain unchanged over time. In this paper, we consider the…

Applications · Statistics 2021-10-26 Yunxiao Chen , Yi-Hsuan Lee , Xiaoou Li

Sentiment analysis (SA) aims to identify the sentiment expressed in a text, such as a product review. Given a review and the sentiment associated with it, this work formulates SA as a combination of two tasks: (1) a causal discovery task…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhiheng Lyu , Zhijing Jin , Fernando Gonzalez , Rada Mihalcea , Bernhard Schölkopf , Mrinmaya Sachan

Researchers often frame quantitative research as objective, but every step in data collection and analysis can bias findings in often unexamined ways. In this investigation, we examined how the process of selecting variables to include in…

Physics Education · Physics 2021-11-16 Ben Van Dusen , Jayson Nissen

We use novel nonparametric techniques to test for the presence of non-classical measurement error in reported life satisfaction (LS) and study the potential effects from ignoring it. Our dataset comes from Wave 3 of the UK Understanding…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-05-16 Ekaterina Oparina , Sorawoot Srisuma

A conditional expectation function (CEF) can at best be partially identified when the conditioning variable is interval censored. When the number of bins is small, existing methods often yield minimally informative bounds. We propose three…

Econometrics · Economics 2018-03-01 Sam Asher , Paul Novosad , Charlie Rafkin

Purpose: The teacher role in the classroom can explain important aspects of the student's school experience. The teacher-student relationship, a central dimension of social capital, influences students' engagement, and the teaching style…

Measurement professionals cannot come to an agreement on the definition of the term 'item fairness'. In this paper a continuous measure of item unfairness is proposed. The more the unfairness measure deviates from zero, the less fair the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Yefim Bakman

Generalization error predictors (GEPs) aim to predict model performance on unseen distributions by deriving dataset-level error estimates from sample-level scores. However, GEPs often utilize disparate mechanisms (e.g., regressors,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Puja Trivedi , Danai Koutra , Jayaraman J. Thiagarajan

Feedback has a powerful influence on learning, but it is also expensive to provide. In large classes, it may even be impossible for instructors to provide individualized feedback. Peer assessment has received attention lately as a way of…

Applications · Statistics 2014-10-16 Dennis L. Sun , Naftali Harris , Guenther Walther , Michael Baiocchi

We study misspecified Bayesian learning in principal-agent relationships, where an agent is assessed by an evaluator and rewarded by the market. The agent's outcome depends on their innate ability, costly effort -- whose effectiveness is…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2025-12-02 Federico Echenique , Anqi Li

Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is a well-established educational pursuit that employs machine learning to evaluate student-authored essays. While much effort has been made in this area, current research primarily focuses on either (i)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Kaixun Yang , Mladen Raković , Yuyang Li , Quanlong Guan , Dragan Gašević , Guanliang Chen

We consider the problem of recommending relevant labels (items) for a given data point (user). In particular, we are interested in the practically important setting where the evaluation is with respect to non-decomposable (over labels)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-06-08 Prateek Jain , Nagarajan Natarajan

The central role of statistical literacy has been discussed extensively, emphasizing its importance as a learning outcome and in promoting a citizenry capable of interacting with the world in an informed and critical manner. Our work…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2022-05-12 Sayali Phadke , Matthew D Beckman , Kari Lock Morgan