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Fully test-time adaptation aims to adapt a network model online based on sequential analysis of input samples during the inference stage. We observe that, when applying a transformer network model into a new domain, the self-attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yushun Tang , Shuoshuo Chen , Jiyuan Jia , Yi Zhang , Zhihai He

Parameter-efficient transfer learning (PETL) methods have emerged as a solid alternative to the standard full fine-tuning approach. They only train a few extra parameters for each downstream task, without sacrificing performance and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-16 Umberto Cappellazzo , Daniele Falavigna , Alessio Brutti , Mirco Ravanelli

Text understanding often suffers from domain shifts. To handle testing domains, domain adaptation (DA) is trained to adapt to a fixed and observed testing domain; a more challenging paradigm, test-time adaptation (TTA), cannot access the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Tianlun Liu , Zhiliang Tian , Zhen Huang , Xingzhi Zhou , Wanlong Yu , Tianle Liu , Feng Liu , Dongsheng Li

Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP exhibit strong zero-shot generalization but remain sensitive to domain shifts at test time. Test-time prompt tuning (TPT) mitigates this issue by adapting prompts with fixed augmentations, which…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yuqing Lei , Yingjun Du , Yawen Huang , Xiantong Zhen , Ling Shao

Self-supervised representation learning for point cloud has demonstrated effectiveness in improving pre-trained model performance across diverse tasks. However, as pre-trained models grow in complexity, fully fine-tuning them for downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Song Wang , Xiaolu Liu , Lingdong Kong , Jianyun Xu , Chunyong Hu , Gongfan Fang , Wentong Li , Jianke Zhu , Xinchao Wang

Given the inevitability of domain shifts during inference in real-world applications, test-time adaptation (TTA) is essential for model adaptation after deployment. However, the real-world scenario of continuously changing target…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-28 Junyoung Park , Jin Kim , Hyeongjun Kwon , Ilhoon Yoon , Kwanghoon Sohn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong abilities in general language tasks, yet adapting them to specific domains remains a challenge. Current method like Domain Adaptive Pretraining (DAPT) requires costly full-parameter training…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Jiaqi Cao , Jiarui Wang , Rubin Wei , Qipeng Guo , Kai Chen , Bowen Zhou , Zhouhan Lin

Test-time prompt tuning (TPT) has emerged as a promising technique for enhancing the adaptability of vision-language models by optimizing textual prompts using unlabeled test data. However, prior studies have observed that TPT often…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Hyeonseo Jang , Jaebyeong Jeon , Joong-Won Hwang , Kibok Lee

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to transfer knowledge from a source model to unknown test data with potential distribution shifts in an online manner. Many existing TTA methods rely on entropy as a confidence metric to optimize the model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Chang'an Yi , Xiaohui Deng , Shuaicheng Niu , Yan Zhou

Contextual embedding-based language models trained on large data sets, such as BERT and RoBERTa, provide strong performance across a wide range of tasks and are ubiquitous in modern NLP. It has been observed that fine-tuning these models on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-16 Vin Sachidananda , Jason S. Kessler , Yi-an Lai

For visual document understanding (VDU), self-supervised pretraining has been shown to successfully generate transferable representations, yet, effective adaptation of such representations to distribution shifts at test-time remains to be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-25 Sayna Ebrahimi , Sercan O. Arik , Tomas Pfister

Adapting deep learning models to new domains often requires computationally intensive retraining and risks catastrophic forgetting. While fine-tuning enables domain-specific adaptation, it can reduce robustness to distribution shifts,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Reza Akbarian Bafghi , Carden Bagwell , Avinash Ravichandran , Ashish Shrivastava , Maziar Raissi

Many recent machine learning tasks focus to develop models that can generalize to unseen distributions. Domain generalization (DG) has become one of the key topics in various fields. Several literatures show that DG can be arbitrarily hard…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-11 Yi-Fan Zhang , Xue Wang , Kexin Jin , Kun Yuan , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang , Rong Jin , Tieniu Tan

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to boost the generalization capability of a trained model by conducting self-/unsupervised learning during the testing phase. While most existing TTA methods for video primarily utilize visual supervisory…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Runhao Zeng , Qi Deng , Ronghao Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Jian Chen , Xiping Hu , Victor C. M. Leung

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as one of the most widely used parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods for adapting large language models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. While highly effective in single-task settings, it struggles…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Bo Cheng , Xu Wang , Jinda Liu , Yi Chang , Yuan Wu

This paper studies continual test-time adaptation (CTTA), the task of adapting a model to constantly changing unseen domains in testing while preserving previously learned knowledge. Existing CTTA methods mostly focus on adaptation to the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Sohyun Lee , Nayeong Kim , Juwon Kang , Seong Joon Oh , Suha Kwak

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) addresses domain shifts between training and testing. However, existing methods assume a homogeneous target domain (e.g., single domain) at any given time. They fail to handle the dynamic nature of real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Chuyang Ye , Dongyan Wei , Zhendong Liu , Yuanyi Pang , Yixi Lin , Qinting Jiang , Jingyan Jiang , Dongbiao He

Existing test-time prompt tuning (TPT) methods focus on single-modality data, primarily enhancing images and using confidence ratings to filter out inaccurate images. However, while image generation models can produce visually diverse…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Chun-Mei Feng , Yuanyang He , Jian Zou , Salman Khan , Huan Xiong , Zhen Li , Wangmeng Zuo , Rick Siow Mong Goh , Yong Liu

Test-time adaptation (TTA) is an emerging paradigm that addresses distributional shifts between training and testing phases without additional data acquisition or labeling cost; only unlabeled test data streams are used for continual model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-12 Taesik Gong , Jongheon Jeong , Taewon Kim , Yewon Kim , Jinwoo Shin , Sung-Ju Lee