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Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) are fundamental to data-driven decision-making in the digital economy. However, their real-world application is frequently compromised by two critical shortcomings: the use of statistically flawed…

Applications · Statistics 2025-09-30 Srijesh Pillai , Rajesh Kumar Chandrawat

In designing an online A/B experiment, it is crucial to select a sample size and duration that ensure the resulting confidence interval (CI) for the treatment effect is the right width to detect an effect of meaningful magnitude with…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-08-07 Harrison H. Li , Chaoyu Yu

Tech companies (e.g., Google or Facebook) often use randomized online experiments and/or A/B testing primarily based on the average treatment effects to compare their new product with an old one. However, it is also critically important to…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-11-09 Chengchun Shi , Shikai Luo , Hongtu Zhu , Rui Song

A/B test, a simple type of controlled experiment, refers to the statistical procedure of experimenting to compare two treatments applied to test subjects. For example, many IT companies frequently conduct A/B tests on their users who are…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Qiong Zhang , Lulu Kang

Online controlled experiments play a crucial role in enabling data-driven decisions across a wide range of companies. Variance reduction is an effective technique to improve the sensitivity of experiments, achieving higher statistical power…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Hao Zhou , Kun Sun , Shaoming Li , Yangfeng Fan , Guibin Jiang , Jiaqi Zheng , Tao Li

In online randomized experiments or A/B tests, accurate predictions of participant inclusion rates are of paramount importance. These predictions not only guide experimenters in optimizing the experiment's duration but also enhance the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-02-06 Lorenzo Masoero , Mario Beraha , Thomas Richardson , Stefano Favaro

In industry, online randomized controlled experiment (a.k.a. A/B experiment) is a standard approach to measure the impact of a causal change. These experiments have small treatment effect to reduce the potential blast radius. As a result,…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-05-29 Tanmoy Das , Dohyeon Lee , Arnab Sinha

Modern stochastic optimization methods often rely on uniform sampling which is agnostic to the underlying characteristics of the data. This might degrade the convergence by yielding estimates that suffer from a high variance. A possible…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-06-07 Zalán Borsos , Andreas Krause , Kfir Y. Levy

Experimentation platforms in industry must often deal with customer trust issues. Platforms must prove the validity of their claims as well as catch issues that arise. As a central quantity estimated by experimentation platforms, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-21 Kedar Karhadkar , Jack Klys , Daniel Ting , Artem Vorozhtsov , Houssam Nassif

Technology companies are increasingly using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) as part of their development process. Despite having fine control over engineering systems and data instrumentation, these RCTs can still be imperfectly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-09-05 Jeffrey Wong , Jasmine Nettiksimmons , Jiannan Lu , Katherine Livins

A/B tests have been widely adopted across industries as the golden rule that guides decision making. However, the long-term true north metrics we ultimately want to drive through A/B test may take a long time to mature. In these situations,…

Applications · Statistics 2021-06-04 Weitao Duan , Shan Ba , Chunzhe Zhang

A/B tests are randomized experiments frequently used by companies that offer services on the Web for assessing the impact of new features. During an experiment, each user is randomly redirected to one of two versions of the website, called…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-08-12 Francisco Galuppo Azevedo , Bruno Demattos Nogueira , Fabricio Murai , Ana Paula Couto da Silva

Continuous and efficient experimentation is key to the practical success of user-facing applications on the web, both through online A/B-tests and off-policy evaluation. Despite their shared objective -- estimating the incremental value of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-03-10 Olivier Jeunen

When developing a new networking algorithm, it is established practice to run a randomized experiment, or A/B test, to evaluate its performance. In an A/B test, traffic is randomly allocated between a treatment group, which uses the new…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Bruce Spang , Veronica Hannan , Shravya Kunamalla , Te-Yuan Huang , Nick McKeown , Ramesh Johari

This paper examines the use of Monte Carlo simulations to understand statistical concepts in A/B testing and Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs). We discuss the applicability of simulations in understanding false positive rates and estimate…

Applications · Statistics 2024-11-12 Márton Trencséni

Recent research in causal inference under network interference has explored various experimental designs and estimation techniques to address this issue. However, existing methods, which typically rely on single experiments, often reach a…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-10 Qianyi Chen , Bo Li

eBay's experimentation platform runs hundreds of A/B tests on any given day. The platform integrates with the tracking infrastructure and customer experience servers, provides the sampling service for experiments, and has the responsibility…

Applications · Statistics 2023-03-10 Keyu Nie , Zezhong Zhang , Bingquan Xu , Tao Yuan

A/B testing is ubiquitous within the machine learning and data science operations of internet companies. Generically, the idea is to perform a statistical test of the hypothesis that a new feature is better than the existing platform---for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2017-10-11 David Goldberg , James E. Johndrow

In the past decade, the technology industry has adopted online randomized controlled experiments (a.k.a. A/B testing) to guide product development and make business decisions. In practice, A/B tests are often implemented with increasing…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-03-27 Kevin Han , Shuangning Li , Jialiang Mao , Han Wu

Controlled experimentation, also called A/B testing, is widely adopted to accelerate product innovations in the online world. However, how fast we innovate can be limited by how we run experiments. Most experiments go through a "ramp up"…

Applications · Statistics 2018-01-26 Ya Xu , Weitao Duan , Shaochen Huang