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Fine-tuning large pre-trained models is an effective transfer mechanism in NLP. However, in the presence of many downstream tasks, fine-tuning is parameter inefficient: an entire new model is required for every task. As an alternative, we…

Recent advancements in Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) have demonstrated notable success in self-supervised representation learning across various tasks. However, the existing CLIP-like approaches often demand extensive GPU…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-31 Yuexi Du , Brian Chang , Nicha C. Dvornek

Pre-trained models (PTMs) have achieved great success in various Software Engineering (SE) downstream tasks following the ``pre-train then fine-tune'' paradigm. As fully fine-tuning all parameters of PTMs can be computationally expensive, a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-12-27 Wentao Zou , Qi Li , Jidong Ge , Chuanyi Li , Xiaoyu Shen , Liguo Huang , Bin Luo

The introduction of pre-trained language models has revolutionized natural language research communities. However, researchers still know relatively little regarding their theoretical and empirical properties. In this regard, Peters et al.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-07-12 Ran Wang , Haibo Su , Chunye Wang , Kailin Ji , Jupeng Ding

In natural language processing, it has been observed recently that generalization could be greatly improved by finetuning a large-scale language model pretrained on a large unlabeled corpus. Despite its recent success and wide adoption,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Cheolhyoung Lee , Kyunghyun Cho , Wanmo Kang

Language model fine-tuning is essential for modern natural language processing, but is computationally expensive and time-consuming. Further, the effectiveness of fine-tuning is limited by the inclusion of training examples that negatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-23 Richard Antonello , Nicole Beckage , Javier Turek , Alexander Huth

Recently, the pre-trained Transformer models have received a rising interest in the field of speech processing thanks to their great success in various downstream tasks. However, most fine-tuning approaches update all the parameters of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-10-31 Junyi Peng , Themos Stafylakis , Rongzhi Gu , Oldřich Plchot , Ladislav Mošner , Lukáš Burget , Jan Černocký

When adapting large language models (LLMs) to a specific downstream task, two primary approaches are commonly employed: (1) prompt engineering, often with in-context few-shot learning, leveraging the model's inherent generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Jorg Bornschein , Clare Lyle , Yazhe Li , Amal Rannen-Triki , Xu Owen He , Razvan Pascanu

In this work, we propose a method that combines two popular research areas by injecting linguistic structures into pre-trained language models in the parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) setting. In our approach, parallel adapter modules…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-26 Raymond Li , Gabriel Murray , Giuseppe Carenini

Parameter-Efficient Tuning (PETuning) methods have been deemed by many as the new paradigm for using pretrained language models (PLMs). By tuning just a fraction amount of parameters comparing to full model finetuning, PETuning methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Guanzheng Chen , Fangyu Liu , Zaiqiao Meng , Shangsong Liang

With the continuous growth in the number of parameters of transformer-based pretrained language models (PLMs), particularly the emergence of large language models (LLMs) with billions of parameters, many natural language processing (NLP)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-12-20 Lingling Xu , Haoran Xie , Si-Zhao Joe Qin , Xiaohui Tao , Fu Lee Wang

Fine-tuning, a foundational method for adapting large language models, has long been considered ineffective for model editing. Here, we challenge this belief, arguing that the reported failure arises not from the inherent limitation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Wanli Yang , Rui Tang , Hongyu Zang , Du Su , Qi Cao , Jingang Wang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng , Fei Sun

Recent few-shot methods, such as parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) and pattern exploiting training (PET), have achieved impressive results in label-scarce settings. However, they are difficult to employ since they are subject to high…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-09-23 Lewis Tunstall , Nils Reimers , Unso Eun Seo Jo , Luke Bates , Daniel Korat , Moshe Wasserblat , Oren Pereg

Fine-tuning pretrained contextual word embedding models to supervised downstream tasks has become commonplace in natural language processing. This process, however, is often brittle: even with the same hyperparameter values, distinct random…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-02-19 Jesse Dodge , Gabriel Ilharco , Roy Schwartz , Ali Farhadi , Hannaneh Hajishirzi , Noah Smith

Recently, fine-tuning pre-trained language models (e.g., multilingual BERT) to downstream cross-lingual tasks has shown promising results. However, the fine-tuning process inevitably changes the parameters of the pre-trained model and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-06 Zihan Liu , Genta Indra Winata , Andrea Madotto , Pascale Fung

Recent advances in fine-tuning Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have witnessed the success of prompt tuning and adapter tuning, while the classic model fine-tuning on inherent parameters seems to be overlooked. It is believed that fine-tuning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Ming Li , Jike Zhong , Chenxin Li , Liuzhuozheng Li , Nie Lin , Masashi Sugiyama

Federated Learning (FL) is an emerging paradigm that enables distributed users to collaboratively and iteratively train machine learning models without sharing their private data. Motivated by the effectiveness and robustness of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-16 Jinyu Chen , Wenchao Xu , Song Guo , Junxiao Wang , Jie Zhang , Haozhao Wang

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) with limited data poses a practical challenge in low-resource languages, specialized domains, and constrained deployment settings. While pre-trained LLMs provide strong foundations, effective…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Marton Szep , Daniel Rueckert , Rüdiger von Eisenhart-Rothe , Florian Hinterwimmer

Transfer learning with large pretrained transformer-based language models like BERT has become a dominating approach for most NLP tasks. Simply fine-tuning those large language models on downstream tasks or combining it with task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Wenjuan Han , Bo Pang , Yingnian Wu

A promising paradigm for adapting instruction-tuned language models is to learn task-specific updates on a pretrained base model and subsequently merge them into the instruction-tuned model. However, existing approaches typically treat the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zhiwen Ruan , Yichao Du , Jianjie Zheng , Longyue Wang , Yun Chen , Peng Li , Jinsong Su , Yang Liu , Guanhua Chen